Conveyor belting is composed of two parts: the inside carcass and the outside covers. The carcass is the most important structural section of the belt, as it contains the tensile member to handle the load of cargo carried on the conveyor. The primary purpose of the carcass is to transmit the tension necessary to lift and move the loaded belt and to absorb the impact energy unleashed by the material as it is loaded onto the belt. No matter what belt-support system is employed, if the belt carcass cannot handle the initial impact energy, the belt will fail prematurely. The carcass must be adequate to allow proper splicing techniques and strong enough to handle the forces that occur in starting, moving, and stopping the loaded belt. The carcass also provides the stability necessary for proper support between idlers and for maintaining alignment.
Different types of belt carcasses are ideal for different applications and conditions.
Most carcasses are made of one or more plies of woven fabric, although heavy-duty belting may incorporate parallel steel cables to replace some of all of the fabric. Carcass fabric is usually made of yarns woven in a specific pattern. The yarns that run lengthwise, parallel to the conveyor are referred to as warp yarns and are the tension-bearing members. The transverse or cross fibers are called weft yarns and are primarily designed for impact resistance, mechanical fastener holding, load support, and general fabric stability.
It is a bad practice for the belt manufacturer to emboss a logo into the carrying side of the belt, because carryback can become entrapped in the logo.Years ago, conveyor belts typically used yarns made of cotton as the textile reinforcement. For improved cover adhesion and abuse resistance, a breaker fabric was often placed between the cover and the carcass. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, carcass reinforcements underwent a change. Today, most belt carcasses are made with man-made fabrics such as nylon, polyester, or a combination of the two. These fabrics are superior to the older natural fabrics in nearly all respects, including strength, adhesion, abuse resistance, fastener holding, and flex life. Presently, fabrics incorporating aramid fibers are used for some applications in conveyor belting. The aramid fabrics offer high strength, low elongation, and heat resistance. Breaker fabrics are rarely used with these man-made fabrics, because little or no improvement is achieved.
There are four types of belt carcasses:
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