How many straps should be used to tie a bale together?

Machine that separates cotton from seeds

View Details

A model of a 19th-century cotton gin on display at the Eli Whitney Museum in Hamden, Connecticut

A cotton gin&#;meaning "cotton engine"[1][2]&#;is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, enabling much greater productivity than manual cotton separation.[3] The separated seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to produce cottonseed oil.

Handheld roller gins had been used in the Indian subcontinent since at earliest AD 500 and then in other regions.[4] The Indian worm-gear roller gin was invented sometime around the 16th century[5] and has, according to Lakwete, remained virtually unchanged up to the present time. A modern mechanical cotton gin was created by American inventor Eli Whitney in and patented in .

Whitney's gin used a combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull the cotton through, while brushes continuously removed the loose cotton lint to prevent jams. It revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States, but also inadvertently led to the growth of slavery in the American South. Whitney's gin made cotton farming more profitable[citation needed] and efficient so plantation owners expanded their plantations and used more of their slaves to pick cotton. Whitney never invented the machine to harvest cotton: it still had to be picked by hand. The invention has thus been identified as an inadvertent contributing factor to the outbreak of the American Civil War.[6] Modern automated cotton gins use multiple powered cleaning cylinders and saws, and offer far higher productivity than their hand-powered precursors.[7]

Purpose

[

edit

]

A cotton boll. Each boll contains several dozen seeds.

[

8

]

Cotton fibers are produced in the seed pods ("bolls") of the cotton plant where the fibers ("lint") in the bolls are tightly interwoven with seeds. To make the fibers usable, the seeds and fibers must first be separated, a task which had been previously performed manually, with production of cotton requiring hours of labor for the separation. Many simple seed-removing devices had been invented, but until the innovation of the cotton gin, most required significant operator attention and worked only on a small scale.[9]

Mechanism

[

edit

]

The gin is made with two rotating cylinders. The first cylinder has lines of teeth around the circumference, and angled against this cylinder is a metal plate with small holes, "ginning ribs", through which the teeth can fit with minimal gaps. The teeth grip the cotton fibers as the mechanism rotates, dragging them through these small holes. The seeds are too big to fit through the holes, and are thus removed from the rotating cotton by the metal plate, before they fall into a collecting pot. On the other side of the first cylinder, there is a second cylinder, also rotating, with brushes attached. This second cylinder wipes the cotton from the first, and deposits it into the collecting bucket.

The seed is reused for planting or is sent to an oil mill to be further processed into cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal. The lint cleaners again use saws and grid bars, this time to separate immature seeds and any remaining foreign matter from the fibers. The bale press then compresses the cotton into bales for storage and shipping. Modern gins can process up to 15 tonnes (33,000 lb) of cotton per hour.

History

[

edit

]

An Indian woman ginning cotton c.-20

A single-roller cotton gin came into use in India by the 5th century. An improvement invented in India was the two-roller gin, known as the "churka", "charki", or "wooden-worm-worked roller".[10]

Early cotton gins

[

edit

]

The earliest versions of the cotton gin consisted of a single roller made of iron or wood and a flat piece of stone or wood. The earliest evidence of the cotton gin is found in the fifth century, in the form of Buddhist paintings depicting a single-roller gin in the Ajanta Caves in western India.[4] These early gins were difficult to use and required a great deal of skill. A narrow single roller was necessary to expel the seeds from the cotton without crushing the seeds. The design was similar to that of a mealing stone, which was used to grind grain. The early history of the cotton gin is ambiguous, because archeologists likely mistook the cotton gin's parts for other tools.[4]

Medieval and Early Modern India

[

edit

]

A Neuthoni, a type of worm gear cotton gin from Assam.

Between the 12th and 14th centuries, dual-roller gins appeared in India and China. The Indian version of the dual-roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade by the 16th century. This mechanical device was, in some areas, driven by waterpower.[11]

The worm gear roller gin, which was invented in the Indian subcontinent during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th to 14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire sometime around the 16th century,[12] and is still used in the Indian subcontinent through to the present day.[4] Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared sometime during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire.[13] The incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era.[14]

It was reported that, with an Indian cotton gin, which is half machine and half tool, one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day. With a modified Forbes version, one man and a boy could produce 250 pounds per day. If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines, and a few people's labor was used to feed them, they could produce as much work as 750 people did formerly.[15]

United States

[

edit

]

"The First Cotton Gin", an engraving from Harper's Magazine, . This carving depicts a roller gin being used by African slaves, which preceded Eli Whitney's invention.

[

16

]

The Indian roller cotton gin, known as the churka or charkha, was introduced to the United States in the mid-18th century, when it was adopted in the southern United States. The device was adopted for cleaning long-staple cotton but was not suitable for the short-staple cotton that was more common in certain states such as Georgia. Several modifications were made to the Indian roller gin by Mr. Krebs in and Joseph Eve in , but their uses remained limited to the long-staple variety, up until Eli Whitney's development of a short-staple cotton gin in .[17]

Eli Whitney's patent

[

edit

]

Eli Whitney's original cotton gin patent, dated March 14,

Eli Whitney (&#;) applied for a patent of his cotton gin on October 28, ; the patent was granted on March 14, , but was not validated until . Whitney's patent was assigned patent number 72X.[18] There is slight controversy over whether the idea of the modern cotton gin and its constituent elements are correctly attributed to Eli Whitney. The popular image of Whitney inventing the cotton gin is attributed to an article on the subject written in the early s and later reprinted in in The Library of Southern Literature. In this article, the author claimed Catharine Littlefield Greene suggested to Whitney the use of a brush-like component instrumental in separating out the seeds and cotton. Greene's alleged role in the invention of the gin has not been verified independently.[19]

Whitney's cotton gin model was capable of cleaning 50 pounds (23 kg) of lint per day. The model consisted of a wooden cylinder covered by rows of slender wires which caught the fibers of the cotton bolls. Each row of wires then passed through the bars of a comb-like grid, pulling the cotton fibers through the grid as they did.[20] The comb-like teeth of the grids were closely spaced, preventing the seeds, fragments of the hard dried calyx of the original cotton flower, or sticks and other debris attached to the fibers from passing through. A series of brushes on a second rotating cylinder then brushed the now-cleaned fibers loose from the wires, preventing the mechanism from jamming.

Many contemporary inventors attempted to develop a design that would process short staple cotton, and Hodgen Holmes, Robert Watkins, William Longstreet, and John Murray had all been issued patents for improvements to the cotton gin by .[21] However, the evidence indicates Whitney did invent the saw gin, for which he is famous. Although he spent many years in court attempting to enforce his patent against planters who made unauthorized copies, a change in patent law ultimately made his claim legally enforceable &#; too late for him to make much money from the device in the single year remaining before the patent expired.[22]

McCarthy's gin

[

edit

]

While Whitney's gin facilitated the cleaning of seeds from short-staple cotton, it damaged the fibers of extra-long staple cotton (Gossypium barbadense). In Fones McCarthy received a patent for a "Smooth Cylinder Cotton-gin", a roller gin. McCarthy's gin was marketed for use with both short-staple and extra-long staple cotton but was particularly useful for processing long-staple cotton. After McCarthy's patent expired in , McCarthy type gins were manufactured in Britain and sold around the world.[23] McCarthy's gin was adopted for cleaning the Sea Island variety of extra-long staple cotton grown in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. It cleaned cotton several times faster than the older gins, and, when powered by one horse, produced 150 to 200 pounds of lint a day.[24] The McCarthy gin used a reciprocating knife to detach seed from the lint. Vibration caused by the reciprocating motion limited the speed at which the gin could operate. In the middle of the 20th Century gins using a rotating blade replaced ones using a reciprocating blade. These descendants of the McCarthy gin are the only gins now used for extra-long staple cotton in the United States.[25]

Munger system gin

[

edit

]

The diesel-powered gin in Burton, Texas is one of the oldest in the United States that still functions.

For a decade and a half after the end of the Civil War in , a number of innovative features became widely used for ginning in the United States. They included steam power instead of animal power, an automatic feeder to assure that the gin stand ran smoothly, a condenser to make the clean cotton coming out of the gin easier to handle, and indoor presses so that cotton no longer had to be carried across the gin yard to be baled.[26] Then, in , while he was running his father's gin in Rutersville, Texas, Robert S. Munger invented additional system ginning techniques. Robert and his wife, Mary Collett, later moved to Mexia, Texas, built a system gin, and obtained related patents.[27]

The Munger System Ginning Outfit (or system gin) integrated all the ginning operation machinery, thus assuring the cotton would flow through the machines smoothly. Such system gins use air to move cotton from machine to machine.[28] Munger's motivation for his inventions included improving employee working conditions in the gin. However, the selling point for most gin owners was the accompanying cost savings while producing cotton both more speedily and of higher quality.[29]

By the s, many other advances had been made in ginning machinery, but the manner in which cotton flowed through the gin machinery continued to be the Munger system.[30]

Economic Historian William H. Phillips referred to the development of system ginning as "The Munger Revolution" in cotton ginning.[31] He wrote,

"The Munger innovations were the culmination of what geographer Charles S. Aiken has termed the second ginning revolution, in which the privately owned plantation gins were replaced by large-scale public ginneries. This revolution, in turn, led to a major restructuring of the cotton gin industry, as the small, scattered gin factories and shops of the nineteenth century gave way to a dwindling number of large twentieth-century corporations designing and constructing entire ginning operations."[32]

One of the few (and perhaps only) examples of a Munger gin left in existence is on display at Frogmore Plantation in Louisiana.

Effects in the United States

[

edit

]

Cotton gin at Jarrell Plantation

Prior to the introduction of the mechanical cotton gin, cotton had required considerable labor to clean and separate the fibers from the seeds.[33] With Eli Whitney's gin, cotton became a tremendously profitable business, creating many fortunes in the Antebellum South. Cities such as New Orleans, Louisiana; Mobile, Alabama; Charleston, South Carolina; and Galveston, Texas became major shipping ports, deriving substantial economic benefit from cotton raised throughout the South. Additionally, the greatly expanded supply of cotton created strong demand for textile machinery and improved machine designs that replaced wooden parts with metal. This led to the invention of many machine tools in the early 19th century.[3]

The invention of the cotton gin caused massive growth in the production of cotton in the United States, concentrated mostly in the South. Cotton production expanded from 750,000 bales in to 2.85 million bales in . As a result, the region became even more dependent on plantations that used black slave labor, with plantation agriculture becoming the largest sector of its economy.[34] While it took a single laborer about ten hours to separate a single pound of fiber from the seeds, a team of two or three slaves using a cotton gin could produce around fifty pounds of cotton in just one day.[35] The number of slaves rose in concert with the increase in cotton production, increasing from around 700,000 in to around 3.2 million in .[36] The invention of the cotton gin led to increased demands for slave labor in the American South, reversing the economic decline that had occurred in the region during the late 18th century.[37] The cotton gin thus "transformed cotton as a crop and the American South into the globe's first agricultural powerhouse".[38]

An advertisement for the Lummus cotton gin

The invention of the cotton gin led to an increase in the use of slaves on Southern plantations. Because of that inadvertent effect on American slavery, which ensured that the South's economy developed in the direction of plantation-based agriculture (while encouraging the growth of the textile industry elsewhere, such as in the North), the invention of the cotton gin is frequently cited as one of the indirect causes of the American Civil War.[39][6][40]

Modern cotton gins

[

edit

]

Diagram of a modern cotton gin plant, displaying numerous stages of production Modern cotton gins

In modern cotton production, cotton arrives at industrial cotton gins either in trailers, in compressed rectangular "modules" weighing up to 10 metric tons each or in polyethylene wrapped round modules similar to a bale of hay produced during the picking process by the most recent generation of cotton pickers. Trailer cotton (i.e. cotton not compressed into modules) arriving at the gin is sucked in via a pipe, approximately 16 inches (41 cm) in diameter, that is swung over the cotton. This pipe is usually manually operated but is increasingly automated in modern cotton plants. The need for trailers to haul the product to the gin has been drastically reduced since the introduction of modules. If the cotton is shipped in modules, the module feeder breaks the modules apart using spiked rollers and extracts the largest pieces of foreign material from the cotton. The module feeder's loose cotton is then sucked into the same starting point as the trailer cotton.

The cotton then enters a dryer, which removes excess moisture. The cylinder cleaner uses six or seven rotating, spiked cylinders to break up large clumps of cotton. Finer foreign material, such as soil and leaves, passes through rods or screens for removal. The stick machine uses centrifugal force to remove larger foreign matter, such as sticks and burrs, while the cotton is held by rapidly rotating saw cylinders.

The internals of a cotton gin

The gin stand uses the teeth of rotating saws to pull the cotton through a series of "ginning ribs", which pull the fibers from the seeds which are too large to pass through the ribs. The cleaned seed is then removed from the gin via an auger conveyor system. The seed is reused for planting or is sent to an oil mill to be further processed into cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal. The lint cleaners again use saws and grid bars, this time to separate immature seeds and any remaining foreign matter from the fibers. The bale press then compresses the cotton into bales for storage and shipping. Modern gins can process up to 15 tonnes (33,000 lb) of cotton per hour.[41]

Modern cotton gins create a substantial amount of cotton gin residue (CGR) consisting of sticks, leaves, dirt, immature bolls, and cottonseed. Research is currently under way to investigate the use of this waste in producing ethanol. Due to fluctuations in the chemical composition in processing, there is difficulty in creating a consistent ethanol process, but there is potential to further maximize the utilization of waste in the cotton production.[42][7]

See also

[

edit

]

For more information, please visit Kaiyuan.

References

[

edit

]

Notes

Bibliography

1.1. General Requirements  

1.1.1. Length:

1.1.1.1. Gin Universal Density Bales: Bale ties used on gin universal density bales pressed in a 20-21 inch wide by 54-55 inch long press box shall be 87 to 89 inches in length, unless otherwise specified in Section 1.2.

1.1.1.2. Length Measurement: Length of wire ties as specified in Section 1.1.1 are measured after loops are formed from end to end excluding overlap, as indicated in the figure below.

1.1.2. Rust Inhibitor: All ties and fasteners must be coated or furnished with a rust inhibitor.

1.1.3. Number of Ties Required:

1.1.3.1. Gin universal density bales must have not less than 8 ties, except that bales tied with PET plastic strap, 0.135-inch diameter galvanized wire with a twist connection, 0.148-inch or 0.162-inch diameter wire with a fabricated interlocking connection must have not less than 6 ties.

1.1.4. COA Required: All tie manufacturers, fabricators and/or distributors are responsible for applicable provisions for bale ties included in 1. SPECIFICATIONS FOR BALE TIES and 4.1. Certificates of Analysis (COA).

1.2. Approved Materials

1.2.1. Wire Ties: Ties must be manufactured from wire, which conforms to ASTM A510. Manufacturers shall follow a regular procedure of testing and inspection. Break tests shall be tested within a range from one-fourth inch to 5 inches per minute of elongation. Torsion testing must be performed according to sections 1.2.1.1.2.2, 1.2.1.1.3.2 and 1.2.1.1.4.2.

1.2.1.1. For Use on Gin Universal Density Bales:

1.2.1.1.1. High Tensile Steel 0.148 Inch Diameter 200 Ksi Wire: In the portion of the wire in which the connections are formed, ties shall be not smaller than 0.148 inch in diameter (9 gauge) or equivalent cross-sectional area of 0. square inches (minus 5% tolerance). The breaking strength of the wire must be not less than 3,400 pounds with a joint strength of not less than 2,100 pounds. A minimum of eight wires shall be used. The joints must be placed on the crowns or sample sides of the bales.

1.2.1.1.2. High Tensile Steel 0.140 Inch Diameter 240 Ksi Wire: The full diameter of wire shall not be smaller than 0.140 inch (approximately 9 1/2 gauge) or equivalent cross-sectional area of 0. square inches. A minimum of eight wires shall be used. The joints must be placed on the crowns or sample sides of the bales.

1.2.1.1.2.1. Joint Strength: The minimum joint strength must be not less than pounds.

1.2.1.1.2.2. Torsion Requirement: Torsion testing must be conducted in accordance with ASTM Standard A 938. Total turns to fracture shall not be less than 16 turns in a 10-inch test length. Tests shall be conducted on round wire, not waisted wire.

1.2.1.1.3. High Tensile Steel 0.148 inch Diameter 240 Ksi Wire: In the portion of the wire in which the connections are formed, ties shall be no smaller than 0.148 inches in diameter (9 gauge) or equivalent cross-sectional area of 0. square inches (minus 5% tolerance). The length of the tie must not be greater than 88 inches for gin universal density bales. The joints must be placed on the crown or sample side of the bale. The six required ties must be spaced along the bale length with no less than 9 inches between adjacent ties.

1.2.1.1.3.1. Joint Strength: The minimum joint strength must be not less than pounds.

1.2.1.1.3.2. Torsion Requirement: Torsion test must be conducted in accordance with ASTM Standard A 938. Total turns to fracture shall not be less than 16 turns in a 10-inch test length. Tests shall be conducted on round, not waisted, wire.

1.2.1.1.4. High Tensile Steel 0.155 Inch Diameter 220 Ksi Wire: In the portion of the wire in which the connections are formed, ties shall be no smaller than 0.155 inches in diameter (8 1/2 gauge) or equivalent cross-sectional area of 0. square inches (minus 5% tolerance). The length of the tie must not be greater than 88 inches for gin universal density bales. The breaking strength of the wire must be not less than 4,200 pounds. The joints must be placed on the crown or sample side of the bale. The six required ties must be spaced alongthe bale length with no less than 9 inches between adjacent ties.

1.2.1.1.4.1. Joint Strength: The minimum joint strength must be not less than pounds.

1.2.1.1.4.2. Torsion Requirement: Torsion test must be conducted in accordance with ASTM Standard A938. Total turns to fracture shall not be less than 16 turns in a 10-inch test length. Tests shall be conducted on round, not waisted, wire.

1.2.1.1.5. High Tensile Steel 0.162 Inch Diameter 200 Ksi Wire: In the portion of the wire in which the connections are formed, ties shall be not smaller than 0.162 inch in diameter (approximately 8 gauge) or equivalent cross-sectional area of 0. square inches (minus 5% tolerance). The length of tie must be not greater than 88 inches for gin universal density bales and 92 inches for gin standard density bales. The breaking strength of the wire must be not less than 4,350 pounds with a joint strength of not less than 2,600 pounds. The joints must be placed on the crowns or sample sides of the bales. The six required ties must be spaced along the bale length with no less than 9 inches between adjacent ties.

1.2.1.1.6. Automatically Applied Galvanized Wire: Twist knots shall be fabricated at the gin using Ultra Twist® Wire Tying System.

1.2.1.1.6.1. Ultra Twist® Wire tying system: The Ultra Twist® Wire tying system originally approved for incorporation into these specifications is considered to be a holistic method in which both the machinery device and the specific wire materials as tested by the JCIBPC are integral components of the system.  Wire supplied by manufacturers other than the one originally testing the system, or otherwise qualified, may supply wire for use in the Ultra Twist® device after submission of wire test data meeting basic requirements as specified in this specification and upon successful completion of a JCIBPC-sanctioned experimental test program lasting at least one ginning season or until which time the alternative wire proves its compatibility with the Ultra Twist® wire tying device.

1.2.1.1.6.2. Galvanized 0. Steel Wire: The full diameter of the wire shall be no smaller than 0. inches (10 gauge) or equivalent cross-sectional area of 0. square inches (minus 5% tolerance).

1.2.1.1.6.2.1. Length: The length of the tie must not be greater than 88 inches for gin universal density bales or must not be greater than 92 inches for gin standard density bales.

1.2.1.1.6.2.2. Galvanization: Wire will have a galvanized coating density of 0.18 ounces/square foot, with a tolerance of +/- 0.05 ounces/square foot.

1.2.1.1.6.2.3. Strength: The average breaking strength of the wire must be not less than 2,931 pounds. The average minimum joint strength must be not less than pounds

1.2.1.1.6.2.4. Torsion Requirement: Torsion test must be conducted in accordance with ASTM Standard A 938. Total turns to fracture shall not be less than 12 turns in a 10-inch test length. Tests shall be conducted on round, not waisted, wire.

1.2.1.1.6.2.5. Placement: The twist knot must be placed in recesses on the hard or flat side of the bale. The six required wire ties must be spaced along the bale length with no less than 9 inches between adjacent ties.

1.2.1.1.6.2.6. Formation of Recesses or Channels: Recesses or channels shall be created by the installation of vertical steel flat stock or other steel bars on the inside of gin press boxes.

1.2.1.1.6.2.6.1. Recesses or channels shall be created by the installation of vertical steel flat stock or other steel bars on the inside of gin press boxes.

1.2.1.1.6.2.6.2. Gin operators should be advised that improper installation of steel bars might create potential risks to bale or fiber quality, equipment or workers. Therefore, ginners are urged to consult their respective gin press manufacturers prior to any addition or modification to the gin press.

1.2.1.2. Certification of Wire Ties Required: Each bundle or coil of wire shall satisfy the applicable requirements in section 4.1. Certificates of Analysis (COA) and 4.2. Approved List. In addition each bundle or coil of wire shall bear a certification that the wire ties have been manufactured according to the specifications for Bale Packaging Materials as published by the JCIBPC. The certification shall also show the name and address of the wire tie manufacturer and contain a quality control code that will permit the ties to be identified to the 2,000-pound lot and/or wire carrier. Wire ties shall be fabricated within a USMCA country.

1.2.2. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastic Strapping for Use on Gin Universal Density Bales:2 Ties made from polyethylene terephthalate, here after referred to as PET, plastic strapping must be manufactured in accordance with ASTM D. PET plastic strapping joints shall be fabricated at the gin using patented z-weld friction technology, P600 or P361 friction weld technology, or CSF strapping system. The strap manufacturer's name or trademark must be printed or embossed on every 36 inches of strapping.

1.2.2.1. Patented z-weld friction technology, P600 or P361 friction weld technology, or CSF strapping systems: The patented z-weld friction technology, P600 or P361 friction weld technology, or CSF strapping systems originally approved for incorporation into these specifications are considered to be holistic methods which considers both the machinery device and the specific strapping materials as tested by the JCIBPC as integral components of each system tested. PET strapping materials supplied by manufacturers other than the ones originally testing the systems, or otherwise certified, may supply strapping for use in the patented z-weld friction technology®, P600 or P361 friction weld technology®, or CSF strapping devices after submission of strap test data meeting basic physical requirements as described in this specification and upon successful completion of a JCIBPC-sanctioned experimental test program lasting at least one ginning season or until which time the alternative strapping proves its compatibility with the specific device on which it was tested.

1.2.2.2. Placement: Plastic strapping must be placed in recesses or channels on the flat sides of the bale. These recesses or channels provide a measure of protection of tying materials from handling forces and maintain integrity of bale cover fabrics. The six required ties must be spaced uniformly along the bale length. The P600 weld shall be placedon the crown (round side) of the bale.  The P361 weld may be placed on the flat side of the bale when used in conjunction with lift box style bale presses. The CSF weld may be placed on the flat side of the bale.

1.2.2.2.1. Recesses or Channels:

1.2.2.2.1.1. Formation of Recesses or Channels: Recesses or channels shall be created by the installation of vertical steel flat stock or other steel bars on the inside of gin press boxes.

1.2.2.2.1.2. Advisory and Disclaimer: Gin operators should be advised that improper installation of steel bars might create potential risks to bale or fiber quality, equipment or workers. Therefore, ginners are urged to consult their respective gin press manufacturers prior to any addition or modification to the gin press.

1.2.2.3. General:

1.2.2.3.1 Color: The strap must be translucent green or opaque green.

1.2.2.3.2. Gauge: The average strap gauge or thickness when machines use the z-weld friction technology, the P600 friction weld technology, the P361 friction weld technology, or CSF strapping system shall be not less than 0.055 inch.

1.2.2.3.3. Gauge Tolerance: The thickness of any 2 evenly spaced points across the width of a strap must be within plus or minus 4 percent of the average gauge thickness for that strap.

1.2.2.3.4. Width: The average width shall be not less than 0.75 inch.

1.2.2.3.5. Width Tolerance: The range of any 2 evenly spaced points along the length of a strap must be within plus or minus 4 percent of the average width for that strap.

1.2.2.3.6. Break Strength: The average break strength must be not less than pounds. The minimum break strength must be not less than pounds.

1.2.2.3.7. Elongation:

1.2.2.3.7.1. Elongation at Break Strength: The elongation at break must be not less than 12 percent nor greater than 16 percent.

1.2.2.3.7.2. Elongation at Pounds Tension: The elongation at pounds tension should be not greater than 4 percent.

1.2.2.3.8. Joint Strength: The average joint strength must be not less than pounds. The minimum joint strength must be not less than pounds.

1.2.2.3.9. Tare Weight: Tare weight shall be not less than 1 pound per 6 straps.

1.2.2.3.10. Strap Length: Each strap shall be not greater than 86 inches in length when used with 54 inch by 20 inch presses.

1.2.2.4. Inspection and Certification Requirements:

1.2.2.4.1. Responsibility for Inspection: The strap manufacturer and the supplier are both responsible for performance of all inspection requirements as specified herein. They may use their own or any other facilities suitable for the performance of such inspection requirements, unless such facilities are disapproved by the JCIBPC.

1.2.2.4.2. Right to Perform Inspection or Testing: Reasonable inspection or tests deemed necessary may be performed by the JCIBPC to assure that materials conform to prescribed specifications.

1.2.2.4.3. Inspection or Testing Expense: Expense for such inspection or testing shall be borne by the strap manufacturer or supplier.

1.2.2.4.4. Certification Required by the JCIBPC:

1.2.2.4.4.1. Submission of Samples: All manufacturers of PET strapping must submit samples to a private testing laboratory selected by the JCIBPC for certification that materials meet all prescribed specifications.

1.2.2.4.4.2. Responsibility for Components and Materials: The strap manufacturers shall be responsible for insuring that straps are manufactured, examined and tested in accordance with approved specifications and standards for PET plastic described in sections 1.2.2.1 through 1.2.2.3.10.

1.2.2.4.4.3. Certification of Strapping Furnished: PET plastic strapping manufacturers and/or suppliers shall certify to customers that the strap furnished has been manufactured within a USMCA country for use as cotton bale ties and meets the material specifications herein, and that the manufacturer is on the JCIBPC's approved list. Each coil of strapping shall bear a certification that the PET plastic strapping has been manufactured according to the specifications for Bale Packaging Materials as published by the JCIBPC. The certification shall also show the name and address of the plastic strapping manufacturer and contain a quality control code that will permit the strapping to be identified to the coil or strapping carrier. In addition PET plastic strapping manufacturers shall satisfy the applicable requirements in section 4.1. Certificates of Analysis (COA) and 4.2. Approved List. Strapping manufacturers and/or suppliers shall certify to customers that the strap furnished has been manufactured in a USMCA country for use as cotton bale ties and meets the material specifications herein, and that the manufacturer is on the JCIBPC's approved list.

1.2.2.5. Test Methods for PET Plastic Strapping:

1.2.2.5.1. Sample Size: Each sample size of PET plastic strapping will consist of twenty straps 86 inches in length randomly selected from production lines.

1.2.2.5.2. Gauge and Gauge Tolerance: The gauge and gauge tolerance shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D374.

1.2.2.5.3. Break Strength and Elongation: The break strength, elongation at break and elongation at pounds tension shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D882 and ASTM D.

1.2.2.5.4. Joint Strength:

1.2.2.5.4.1. Preparation of Specimens: The joints shall be formed by either patented z-weld friction technology, P600 or P361 friction weld technology, or CSF strapping system.

1.2.2.5.4.2. Testing: The joint strength shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D882 and ASTM D.

Contact us to discuss your requirements of 14 gauge galvanized single loop bale ties. Our experienced sales team can help you identify the options that best suit your needs.