For the treatment of advanced renal cell cancer (RCC), 7 targeted agents have been approved in less than 8 years, which has greatly extended progression-free survival (PFS; Table 1). As even more targeted agents emerge from the pipeline, the choice among them will be based on efficacy, access, toxicity profile, physician preference, and, increasingly, cost, said Toni K. Choueiri, MD, head of the Kidney Cancer Center at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.
Click here to get more.
Because RCC is an angiogenically rich tumor, targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor is a rational treatment approach. Upstream of VEGF, the mTOR pathway is important in cell metabolism and proliferation. The anti-VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and mTOR inhibitors, therefore, have become useful classes of agents and may be used based on line of therapy and risk factors. Several large, well-powered phase III studies showed significant activity), demonstrating proof of principle, which is that targeting VEGF acts on the disease biology and slows the progression of disease, Dr. Choueiri said.
The need to obtain tumor tissue in the era of targeted therapies renders biopsy and/or cytoreductive nephrectomy still relevant, according to Dr. Choueiri. He led a systematic review that confirmed an overall survival (OS) advantage for patients who received nephrectomy as a component of contemporary treatment, though patient selection is important, he said.1
The NCCN Panel recommends nephrectomy for patients with limited disease burden, good performance status, absence of brain metastases and, for palliation, hematuria or other symptoms related to the primary tumor. The French CARMENA study should further inform on this question by evaluating outcomes after nephrectomy plus sunitinib versus sunitinib alone.
Risk factors associated with prognosis irrespective of type of treatment include time from diagnosis to treatment, hemoglobin, calcium, performance status, neutrophil count, and platelet count.
In the cytokine era, patients with 3 or more risk factors lived an average of about 5 months, and patients without risk factors lived about 30 months. In the era of targeted therapies, prognosis still depends on risk factor profile; however, OS times are much longer.2 For patients with intermediate risk, the most common patient subgroup (60% of all metastatic RCC patients), OS has improved from about 14 months to 28 to 30 months now, he noted.
Table 1
Seven Targeted Agents for Advanced RCC as of March
Variable outcomes according to risk status have been shown consistently.3,4 In a study of 645 patients receiving anti-VEGF therapy, median OS for patients with a favorable risk profile was not reached after 24 months of follow-up. It was 27 months in patients with 1 or 2 risk factors and 8.8 months in patients with 3 to 6 risk factors.3
For patients with relapsed or stage IV RCC or those whose disease is surgically unresectable, systemic therapy options are plentiful. As first-line options, category 1 evidence exists for sunitinib, pazopanib, bevacizumab plus interferon (though toxicity and the route of use limits the utility of this combination), and temsirolimus for poor-prognosis patients (category 2B for other risk groups). Sorafenib is acceptable for selected patients but is not a preferred agent. High-dose interleukin-2 is also acceptable in some cases. Clinical trials are always encouraged.
&#;We have an embarrassment of riches,&#; Dr. Choueiri said, but noted that current recommendations are based on studies that evaluated novel agents versus treatments that are no longer the standard of care. &#;We are beginning to see studies comparing the more effective agents, such as the COMPARZ study.&#;
The difference in toxicity profiles of the TKIs is emerging as a factor in their utility, he added. Although sunitinib is the most commonly used first-line agent, pazopanib may be better tolerated, findings suggest. &#;This is important, because these drugs are taken continuously,&#; he emphasized.
GECONA SOLAR contains other products and information you need, so please check it out.
The COMPARZ trial involving patients with metastatic disease showed pazopanib to be non-inferior to sunitinib and to be associated with less hand-foot skin reaction, fatigue, stomatitis, and mucositis, though more liver function abnormalities and hair color changes.5 Median PFS was 8.4 months with pazopanib and 9.5 months with sunitinib, a non-significant difference. These results mirror a smaller patient preference study called PISCES, which showed that 70% of patients preferred pazopanib and 22% preferred sunitinib (P <.001).6 The innovative study suggests that patient preference is another way to evaluate adverse events and choose treatment, he said. Most side effects with TKIs are manageable and not a reason for discontinuation of treatment, he added, although serious adverse effects are occasionally seen and should be on the clinician&#;s radar.
Interestingly, the occurrence of hypertension and hand-foot skin reactions with TKIs has been associated with an OS benefit.7,8 Therefore, some degree of toxicity can be considered positive, he said.
Axitinib, a highly specific VEGF receptor inhibitor approved for second-line treatment, was tested in VEGF-naive advanced RCC, Dr. Choueiri said. In the second-line AXIS trial, axitinib was associated with a 33.5% improvement in PFS versus sorafenib (P <.),9 but in the first-line setting it was numerically though not significantly better than sorafenib (median PFS, 10.1 vs 6.5 months) in a study that may have been underpowered.10 Tivozanib is another highly selective TKI that proved superior to sorafenib in an appropriately powered phase III trial presented at ASCO .11 Median PFS was 11.9 months with tivozanib versus 9.1 months with sorafenib (P = .042), and tolerability was, in general, good.
Level 1 evidence backs second-line treatment with everolimus and axitinib. In the RECORD-1 study, median PFS was 5.49 months with everolimus versus 1.87 months with placebo (P <.001).12 In the AXIS trial, axitinib was significantly superior to sorafenib, and although the drug only added 2 months of PFS, its activity was robust among patients who experienced progression after cytokine treatment (64% risk reduction; P <.).9 The more common practice, however, is to treat after sunitinib, and axitinib delayed progression in these patients by 1.4 months (P = .011).
The optimal sequencing of axitinib and everolimus as second-line choices is currently unknown, but response to the initial agent could be a way to select treatment. After a durable response to a TKI, axitinib may be a smart choice, while patients with a short PFS interval on a TKI may benefit most from everolimus. Interestingly, several large retrospective studies suggested that the clinical response to a second-line VEGF inhibitor is not dependent on response to the first-line VEGF inhibitor.13 One large second-line study of temsirolimus versus sorafenib after sunitinib was recently presented (INTORSECT). No PFS benefit was shown between both arms.14 An intriguing OS benefit was seen with sorafenib over temsirolimus, although OS was a secondary endpoint.
Combinations of targeted agents do not add activity at this stage, only toxicity; therefore, they should not be given outside of a clinical trial, Dr. Choueiri noted. Numerous biomarkers are under investigation, but none should be clinically applied at this time, he said.
In contrast to metastatic RCC, adjuvant treatment provides no demonstrable benefit. Trials with VEGF TKIs and mTOR inhibitors are underway, and patients with high-risk disease are encouraged to enroll or be treated with observation only, the Panel recommended. Clinical trial enrollment is also the preferred approach for patients with RCC of non-clear cell histology, which have not shown a good response to VEGF or mTOR inhibitors.
In conclusion, Dr. Choueiri expressed optimism that &#;the next 5 years will hold new targets and combinations of agents beyond the VEGF and mTOR inhibitors.&#; He predicted that non-VEGF-mediated angiogenesis targets will be revealed and that their targeting will help prevent tumors&#; &#;angiogenic escape.&#; Targets upstream of mTOR, including AKT and PI3K, will also be explored, and novel immunotherapy approaches (such as immune checkpoint blockade) may prove effective. &#;We still need novel targets to induce durable responses,&#; he said.
287
) HTML PDFAbstract +
Recently, ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method has been developed for non-linear and non-stationary signal analysis. The method can work on nature signals (non-linear and nonstationary signals) and reduce the speckle noise. With the EEMD method, the signal is decomposed into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and the frequencies of IMFs are arranged in decrease order (high to low) after the EEMD processing. The scaling mode of the EEMD method is similar to wavelet transform, but the signal resolutions in different frequency domains do not decrease by down-sampling. There are a large population and a developed economy in Weihe watershed, the disasters of droughts and floods caused by the autumn precipitation (here is precipitation in September and October) less or more than normal cause great loss and serious influence. In this paper, we propose the EEMD method to decompose the autumn precipitation series in the Weihe river basin during last 50 years into several IMFs, then extract the information including in the precipitation series and get the characteristics of multi-scales. The result shows that it is well response to the autumn precipitation series in the Weihe river basin and to the abrupt climate change in late s and early s of last century. The response appears earlier for high time scales than for low time scales In addition, the expression of the response for high time scales is the form of variability, but it is the amplitude of variability for low time scales.
If you are looking for more details, kindly visit Cheng Longjia.