Signals offer maximum control at intersections. They relay messages of both what to do and what not to do. The primary function of any traffic signal is to assign right-of-way to conflicting movements of traffic at an intersection. This is done by permitting conflicting streams of traffic to share the same intersection by means of time separation. By alternately assigning right of way to various traffic movements, signals provide for the orderly movement of conflicting flows. They may interrupt extremely heavy flows to permit the crossing of minor movements that could not otherwise move safely through an intersection.
When properly timed, a traffic signal increases the traffic handling capacity of an intersection, and when installed under conditions that justify its use, a signal is a valuable device for improving the safety and efficiency of both pedestrian and vehicular traffic. In particular, signals may reduce certain types of accidents, most notably, right-angle (broadside) collisions.
While many people realize that traffic signals can reduce the number of right-angle collisions at an intersection, few realize that signals can also cause a significant increase in rear-end collisions. Normally, traffic engineers are willing to accept an increase in rear-end collisions for a decrease in the more severe right-angle accidents. However, when there is no right-angle accident problem at an intersection, and a signal is not needed for traffic control, the installation of traffic signals can actually cause deterioration in the overall safety at an intersection. Traffic signals are not a "cure-all" for traffic problems. The primary goal of the traffic engineer is to attain the safest and most efficient overall traffic flow possible. In addition to an increase in rear-end accident frequency, unjustified traffic signals can also cause excessive delay, disobedience of signals, and diversion of traffic to residential streets.
While many people realize that traffic signals can reduce the number of angle collisions at an intersection, few realize that signals can also cause an increase in other types of accidents. For example, it has been well documented that other types of accidents, notably rear-end collisions, usually increase when a signal is installed.
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Normally, traffic engineers are willing to trade off an increase in rear-end collisions for a decrease in the more severe angle accidents; however, when there is no angle accident problem at an intersection, there is nothing to trade off, and the installation of traffic signals can actually cause a deterioration in the overall safety at the intersection. Traffic signals should not be considered a "cure-all" for traffic congestion, and the primary goal of all traffic engineers is to attain the safest and most efficient traffic flow feasible.
In addition to an increase in accident frequency, unjustified traffic signals can also cause excessive delays, disobedience of signals and diversion of traffic to inadequate alternate routes.
Traffic signals are much more costly than is commonly realized, even though they represent a sound public investment when justified. A modern signal can cost taxpayers between $80,000 and $100,000 to install, depending on the complexity of the intersection and the characteristics of the traffic using it. On top of this, there is the perpetual cost of the electrical power consumed in operating a signalized intersection 24 hours a day. This cost now averages about $1,400 per year.
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