What year did scooters come out?

Powered stand-up scooter

This article is about powered stand-up scooters. For scooters with seats, see Scooter (motorcycle) . For other uses, see Scooter

An electric kick scooter

A motorized scooter is a stand-up scooter powered by either a small internal combustion engine or electric hub motor in its front and/or rear wheel. Classified as a form of micro-mobility,[1] they are generally designed with a large center deck on which the rider stands. The first motorized scooter was manufactured by Autoped in 1915.[2][3]

Recently, electric kick scooters (e-scooters) have grown in popularity with the introduction of scooter-sharing systems that use apps to allow users to rent them by the minute; such systems are commonly found in the U.S and in Queensland, Australia.

History

[

edit

]

1919 Autoped Scooter A child on a smaller e-scooter, 2011

"E-scooter" redirects here. For electric motorcycles or mopeds, see Electric motorcycles and scooters

Electric kick scooters have surpassed internal combustion-engined scooters in popularity since 2000.[9] They usually have two wheels between 8 and 11 inches (20–28 cm) in diameter, one or both of which are fitted with an electric motor, connected by a platform on which the rider stands, with a handlebar for support and steering. The use of an electric motor makes gears unnecessary, and may support energy recovery by regenerative braking. Range and speed vary considerably according to model. One reference shows ranges of 3 to 220 km (2 to 137 mi), and maximum speeds from 19 to 120 km/h (12 to 75 mph).[10]

In 2017, some bicycle-sharing companies such as Lime, and some scooter-only companies such as Bird, began offering dockless electric kick scooter sharing services. This segment of the micro-mobility market made large inroads in 2018, with numerous dockless e-scooters appearing in major cities worldwide,[11] sometimes in controversial and contentious unsanctioned roll-outs, such as in San Francisco.[12] Different jurisdictions have their own rules regulating electric kick scooter use on public roads and footways.[13]

Overview

[

edit

]

Scooters of several operators in Stockholm City scooters in Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland

Usage

[

edit

]

Motorized kick scooters are used in law enforcement, security patrolling[14][15] and leisure. New ride-sharing systems have made e-scooters easily accessible. They are popular in urban areas and are used as an alternative to bicycling or walking.[16] Ride sharing companies first started dropping these scooters off in large US cities in 2018, and the need for short distance easy access transportation in many cities has meant that they have become increasingly popular with more and more companies looking to join the market.[17]

Environment

[

edit

]

E-scooters, and other electric vehicles, have the potential to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions which are a cause of global warming, and other pollutants, if they are used to replace travel in vehicles with internal combustion engines. Potential environmental benefits depend upon how scooters are used: if they replace car journeys they may be beneficial, but not if they replace walked or cycled journeys. Manufacture of the batteries, in particular, requires resources, and they are often not recycled. Lime estimated that globally one in four trips on its scooters replaced a car journey.[18] A December 2021 Swiss research paper[19] found that privately owned e-scooters tended to replace car journeys, but rented e-scooters emitted more CO2 than the transport modes they replaced.[20]

Safety

[

edit

]

E-scooters are a potentially environmentally friendly alternative personal mode of transportation that has appeal in urban settings and for short distances. However, they are not exempt from the vulnerabilities users may encounter in road traffic injuries similar to exposures pedestrians and bicyclists have shared the roads.[21] For example, Israel has seen over 120,000 imports of e-bike and e-scooters over a two-year period, but due to poor cycling infrastructure, cyclists are often forced onto pedestrian sidewalks, and pedestrians use bike lanes and thus increase the risk of traffic collision.[22] A 2022 review of medical notes found that injury rates due to e-scooters were more like those of motorcycles than bicycles.[23][20]

As availability and demand for e-scooters increases, with more powerful versions capable of reaching up to 50 miles per hour, the number of traffic accident cases has increased. Israel witnessed a six-fold increase of e-bike and e-scooter accidents over a span of three years, and China found a four-fold increase in injury rate and a six-fold increase in mortality rates.[22] However, significant gaps remain in the knowledge about the safety measures and impact of e-scooters. A particular cause of accidents is the instability of vehicles with such small wheels when, for example, hitting a pothole.

The site of a car–scooter collision in New York City

As e-scooters become more popular in urban and high traffic settings, user safety poses a major concern alongside other health risks for drivers,[clarification needed] pedestrians, cyclists and other vulnerable groups such as the elderly and children sharing the road. A study conducted in China assessed risky behaviors of e-bike, e-scooter, and bicycle riders at crossing signalized intersections and found three different types of risky behaviors including stopping beyond the stop line, riding in motor lanes, and riding against traffic.[24]

The same study found that those riding e-scooters are more likely to engage in risky behaviors. In specific, e-scooter riders were more likely to ride in motor lanes and ride against the flow of traffic through there is high variability in the types of accidents that occur and can vary based on time of day.[24] Underreporting poses as additional gaps in knowledge, as minor crashes, for example, tend to be underreported and thus unaccounted for in overall e-scooter injury prevalence [25] and there exist gaps in research on injuries related to e-scooters.[21] Scooter-sharing systems such as Lime or Bird include safety precautions on the scooters themselves, such as: "helmet required, license required, no riding on sidewalks, no double riding, 18+ years old". Apps used to unlock and rent the scooters will also have safety reminders and ask the riders to abide by local laws while using them. However, these recommendations are not always followed, and the difference in laws between cities and states makes regulation difficult.

A consumer association in Belgium tested e-scooters, concluding that a bicycle was preferable, citing many problems with the devices, including in particular battery failure and very poor braking in wet conditions. E-scooters were regulated as toys, without the safety considerations required for vehicles.[26]

When electric kick scooters were introduced in Norway, the media reported a high increase in accidents,[27] including several deaths.[28][29]

In Britain as of late 2021 privately owned e-scooters could not be used on public roads or footways; during a trial from mid-2020 until late 2022 rental scooters could be used on roads, but not footways, by users with an appropriate driving licence. At the time private scooters were widely used, illegally, on footways and roads. There were safety concerns—scooter accidents were causing injuries more like motorcycles than pedal cycles.[30][better source needed] Privately owned scooters were banned from carriage on London public transport after a spate of battery fires.[30]

Regulation

[

edit

]

Electric kick scooter national speed limit in Europe since 1 October 2023

 

 25km/h

 

 20km/h

 

 No Data

Australia

[

edit

]

E-scooters with bicycle helmets in Canberra during 2020

In Queensland, the laws around the use of e-scooters and other personal mobility devices are made and enforced by the state government.[31][32]

While some local governments in Queensland have not allowed Lime Scooter trials, Brisbane City Council is currently undertaking a Lime Scooter trial and has invited tenders for two scooter contracts in the city.

In the ACT, the framework for personal mobility devices was amended to include e-scooters and other similar devices from 20 December 2019, permitting use on footpaths, shared paths, bicycle paths and the bicycle side of separated paths. Bicycle helmets are required to be worn.[33]

Perth became the latest City to announce an escooter trial, which launched in March 2023.

Austria

[

edit

]

Electric vehicles with a power up to 600 watts and a speed up to 25 km/h are considered as bicycles.[34][35]

Belgium

[

edit

]

Belgium's traffic rules were updated on 1 June 2019 to be in line with the European Commission guidelines formed in 2016.[36] It became legal for people over 15 years of age to ride electric motorised scooters with speed limited to 25 km/h on public roads, mirroring e-bikes. Protective gear and insurance are not required by law.[37]

Canada

[

edit

]

Commuting in Canada with an e-scooter has increased. As power-assisted bicycles, e-scooters must follow many of the same federal laws and regulations, such as being limited to 32 km/h and not being allowed over 500 W output.[38] Ontario has recently unveiled a series of laws aimed at ensuring safety while using electric-kick scooters or, e-scooters. The new laws require all riders to carry a valid driver’s license, and those under the age of 16 must be accompanied by an adult who also carries a valid driver’s license. Riders are now also required to wear an approved helmet when operating their e-scooter and have bright lights installed on the front and back of their vehicles.[39]

Denmark

[

edit

]

Since 1 January 2022, helmets are mandatory.[40]

Finland

[

edit

]

In Finland e-scooters have the same rules with bicycles[41] and they do not have any age restrictions.[42] However, all e-scooters that have a maximum speed over 25 km/h are classified as small motorcycles and require a motor insurance.[42]

France

[

edit

]

Currently France only allows e-scooters on footpaths if they have a maximum speed of 6 kilometres per hour (3.7 mph). Those travelling at up to 25 km/h are relegated to bike lanes. Legislators are considering a new law that would force users of e-scooters going faster than 25 kilometres per hour (16 mph) to have a type A1 license—the same as for small motorcycles. The legal framework is very blurry and does not define where e-scooters may or may not be driven or parked. The Deputy Mayor of Paris Christophe Najdovski is lobbying Transport Minister Élisabeth Borne for a clearer framework that would give municipalities the power to tighten the rules on how permits are issued and how authorizations are given to deploy a fleet of e-scooters to operators.[43]

French daily newspaper Le Parisien found that in 2017, e-scooters and roller skates combined caused 284 injuries and five deaths in France, a 23 percent increase on the previous year.[44] The perception of e-scooters is that they are fast, silent and therefore dangerous, causing many accidents, and the need to legislate is urgent.[43]

In an April 2023 referendum, voters in Paris chose to remove e-scooters from the city after the current vendor contracts expire.[45] The ban applies to rental scooters which have been offered by several operators since 2018, although people will still be able to use privately-owned contraptions.[46]

Germany

[

edit

]

Sign prohibiting the riding or carrying of micro electric vehicles

In April 2019, the "electric propulsion vehicles without seats" and mono-wheels were added to the regulatory list of vehicles allowed to circulate in the streets. However, the list has yet to be submitted to the upper house of Parliament for entry into force.

The regulation makes a distinction between vehicles restricted to 12 km/h, authorized to users aged from 12 years up and which may circulate on footpaths, and those restricted to 20 km/h, restricted to cycle paths, users over 14 years old and with compulsory motor vehicle insurance and number plate.[47] There is no driving license needed.[48] Crash accident are under-reported (74% missing) when counted as declaration to police rather than to the hospital.[40]

The same rules for operating an automobile while intoxicated also apply to electric kick scooters.[49]

Ireland

[

edit

]

The use of e-scooters and mono-wheels has exploded in Irish urban areas in recent years, with estimated more than 2,000 e-scooters regularly traveling the roads of Dublin.

Under existing road traffic legislation, the use of an e-scooter on public roads is not permitted. According to the Road Traffic Act 1961, all e-scooters are considered to be "mechanically propelled vehicles". Anyone using a mechanically propelled vehicle in a public place must have insurance, road tax, and a driving license. However, it is currently not possible to tax or insure e-scooters or electric skateboards.

In March 2019, e-scooter owners started reporting that the Irish police force, the Garda Síochána, had begun regularly seizing e-scooters on the grounds that the owner did not have insurance.[50] This was despite a Freedom of Information request detailing that the Garda website displayed incorrect information to the public, detailing that e-scooters requiring human power to start would not be considered mechanically propelled vehicles and, as such, would fall outside the remit requiring insurance.[51] The owner groups, such as eScoot.ie, have been publicly vocal, attracting media attention and urging e-scooter owners to sign a petition for lawmakers to legalize the public use of "electric rideables" in Ireland.[52] Under growing pressure, the Minister for Transport Shane Ross asked the Road Safety Authority to research how e-scooters are regulated in other countries, particularly other EU member states. A decision is to be taken on whether or not to amend existing legislation.[53] In August 2019 the Road Safety Authority submitted a report on the use of e-scooters to Ross. The report is broadly in favour of e-scooters, however a number of significant safety concerns were raised. The Minister have announced a two-month public consultation starting on 1 September 2019.[54] The main areas of the consultation cover what personal protective equipment should be used, what training should be provided, what safety or certification standards devices should meet, what age restrictions should apply and where the devices can be used publicly.

In February 2021 Communications Minister Eamon Ryan approved draft legislation which will "regularise" e-scooters and electric bikes as commonly accepted means of transport under proposed new vehicle category, to be known as "Powered Personal Transporters" (PPTs), which will not require road tax, insurance or driving license.[55]

Japan

[

edit

]

Japan is removing in July 2023 the requirement for escooter riders to have a driver's license. Scooters can be ridden on pavements where bicycles are allowed as long as they are slower than 6 kph and flash a green light.[56]

Netherlands

[

edit

]

The use of e-scooters remains illegal after a fatal electric cart incident in 2018.[57]

New Zealand

[

edit

]

E-scooters in central Christchurch, New Zealand

E-scooters in New Zealand are classed as a 'Low-powered vehicle that does not require registration', provided that the output power is under 300 watts.[58] They can therefore be ridden on footpaths, roads and separated cycleways. They cannot be ridden on paint-defined cycleways on the road. Helmets are not required, but recommended.

Norway

[

edit

]

In Norway, e-scooters are classed as bicycles, and can therefore be ridden on footpaths, roads and separated cycleways as well as paint-defined cycleways on the road. Maximum speed is restricted to 20 km/h. Maximum weight of the e-scooter, including the battery, must not exceed 70 kg. Maximum width must not exceed 85 cm and maximum length is 120 cm. There is no age restriction or requirement to wear a helmet.[59]

Helmets for children up to 15 years are mandatory since spring 2022.[40]

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is limited to 0.2 gram per liter as for car drivers.[40]

Poland

[

edit

]

Electric kicks scooter in Poland

Following a court case, a new provision of the Road Traffic Act came into force as of 21 April 2019, whereby an e-scooter falls under the definition of a moped[60] (power up to 4 kW, max speed 45 km/h). Therefore, such vehicles are not allowed to ride on the footpaths as well as bicycle lanes. However, due to the lack of homologation, it is not possible to register an e-scooter as a road vehicle, which makes it illegal for the use on the road. The legislators are now working on changes to the law to introduce the definition of the Personal Transport Device, which would allow e-scooters to be used on footpaths and bicycle lanes.[61]

From May 20, 2021, the regulations on the traffic of e-scooters are in force.[62] An e-scooter is an electric powered vehicle, two-axle, with a steering wheel, without a seat and without pedals, designed to be driven only by the rider on that vehicle.

To drive an e-scooter on the road by people aged 10 to 18, it is required to have the same qualifications as for cycling, i.e. a bicycle card or driving license of categories AM, A1, B1 or T. For people over 18 years, such a document is not required.[63]

Singapore

[

edit

]

E-scooters in Singapore are categorized as Personal Mobility Devices (PMD), and as such, are subjected to the Land Transport Authority's regulations. All e-scooter owners are required to register their devices with the Land Transport Authority and affix the registration number on their scooter. E-scooters that are not registered by 1 July 2019 will have their devices seized by the authorities and the offender would be liable for punishment.

E-scooters sold in Singapore have to comply with a strict set of regulations; maximum speed of 25 kilometres per hour (16 mph), must not exceed 70 cm in width & must not weigh more than 20 kg. Retailers are allowed to sell non-compliant e-scooters however they have to indicate clearly that they can only be used on private property or for use overseas.

Unlike electric bicycles, e-scooters can only be ridden on footpaths and cycling paths. They are not allowed to be ridden on public roads.

Spain

[

edit

]

E-scooters' recurring role in traffic accidents has led to a regulatory pushback in Spain. There have been reported 273 accidents, three of which were fatal in 2018. Spanish legislators are working on a regulation banning e-scooters from footpaths and limiting their speed to 25 kilometres per hour (16 mph).[43]

The first ever person hit by e-scooter died in Spain in August 2019. A 92-year-old woman fell and struck her head to the pavement when an e-scooter hit her, travelling at less than 10 kilometres per hour (6.2 mph).[64]

Spain is introducing technical standards and mandatory helmets.

Turkey

[

edit

]

E-scooters can be used on cycle paths, and on urban roads without cycle paths where the speed limit is below 50 kph.[65]

United Kingdom

[

edit

]

Privately owned e-scooters are deemed to be Personal Light Electric Vehicles, subject to legal requirements regarding MOT testing, tax, and licensing. In practice they cannot be made to meet the requirements for road use, and they also may not be used on footways.[66] In some trial areas from mid-2020 to November 2022,[30] rental e-scooters may be ridden on roads and cycle lanes but not footways; riders must be 16 or over and have a driving licence. Using a phone, driving under the influence of alcohol, and other risks, are not allowed, as for other motor vehicles.[66][67] Action is not usually taken against users of private scooters on roads and footways, but in December 2021 West Midlands Police announced that they had seized and destroyed 140 e-scooters.[68] In July 2023, the police and crime commissioner for Kent called on police to seize and crush all e-scooters being ridden on public land.[69]

In 2022 a woman riding a rental scooter erratically while over the legal limit for alcohol pleaded guilty to drink-driving. She had not known that it was an offence, but was fined, and banned from driving for 18 months.[70]

Deaths

[

edit

]

The first UK fatality involving an e-scooter occurred on 12 July 2019 when 35-year-old Emily Hartridge was killed in Battersea, London in a collision on a roundabout with a truck. London's cycling commissioner said that "new regulations must be put forward quickly" as e-scooters are "currently not safe—with no restrictions on speeds, no mandatory brakes and lights, and no rules on who can ride them and where".[71]

The first death of a pedestrian hit by an e-scooter occurred on 8 June 2022, when the 71-year old victim died in hospital after being impacted by a 14-year old scooter-riding male on 2 June.[72][73]

Different motorized scooters available in Long Beach, California in March 2023, including those from Bird, Lime and Veo

United States

[

edit

]

Rules in the United States vary by state. Motorized scooters are often not street legal, as they cannot be tagged, titled, insured, and do not meet federal requirements for lights or mirrors. Particular localities may have further ordinances that limit the use of motorized scooters. The top speed of the average motorized scooter is around 20 miles per hour (32 km/h). Due to their small wheels, motorized scooters are not typically safe for street use as even the smallest bumps can cause an accident.

California, for example, requires that a person riding a motorized scooter on a street be 16 years of age or older, have a valid driver's license, be wearing a bicycle helmet, have no passengers, and otherwise follow the same rules of the road the same as cars do. The motorized scooter must have brakes, may not have handlebars raised above the operator's shoulders, and if ridden at night must have a headlight, a taillight, and side reflectors. A motorized scooter may not be operated on sidewalks or on streets if the posted speed limit is over 25 miles per hour (40 km/h) unless in a Class II bicycle lane.[74]

Michigan laws treat motorized scooters similarly to bicycles. They are typically allowed on sidewalks, bike lanes, and roads.[75]

In Washington, D.C., motorized scooters are classified as Personal Mobility Devices, and are therefore not considered motor vehicles. This means there is no inspection, license, insurance, or registration required. Additionally, this means that motorized scooters are allowed on the sidewalks, and helmets are not required.[76]

In Georgia, motorized scooters are considered Electric Personal Assistive Mobility Devices, meaning they can be used on sidewalks and highways where the speed limit is at most 35 miles per hour (56 km/h), or in the bike lane. The law also specifies that users of Electric Personal Assistive Mobility Devices, including motorized scooter riders, "have the same rights and duties as prescribed for pedestrians".[77]

Scooter sharing companies have rules for operation printed on both the scooter and in the app, which includes instructions to not ride on the sidewalk. Given that the laws regarding motorized scooters vary from state to state, the scooter sharing instructions can differ from the local law.[78]

Mechanics

[

edit

]

Wheels and tires

[

edit

]

Stand-up scooters may have solid tires, pneumatic tires with tubes, or tubeless pneumatic tires. There is variety within each kind; solids generally have a honeycomb structure of some sort, often surrounding a hard-plastic insert. Sizes vary between 8 inches (200 mm) and 11 inches (280 mm) usually, and scooters with larger are available, for both road and off-road use. There are some with unusually wide tires especially for off-road use. Most of them use a steel or aluminum split rim.

Drive and transmissions

[

edit

]

The simplest drive mechanism of stand-up scooters is the electric direct drive, where the motor directly drives the rear wheel. Some electric scooters have two motors, one for each wheel. Brushless motors can be extremely efficient this way, especially when regenerative braking is implemented. A large proportion of newer so-called "e-scooters" are designed this way.

When electric direct drive is not the rule, the simplest is the spindle drive, which puts an extension of the engine's output shaft, the spindle, in direct contact with the scooter's rear tire. To work correctly, the tire must have a clean, dry surface with which the spindle can effectively interact. Scooters with this type of direct transmission can be pull-started with the rear wheel off the ground, or "bump"-started by forcefully pushing them with the rear tire in contact with the ground.

T3 Patroller electric stand-up tricycle

Simple chain reduction drives are also used to transfer energy to the rear wheel, generally incorporating a type of centrifugal clutch to allow the engine to idle independently.

Belt reduction drives use the combination of wide flat "cog" belts and pulleys to transfer power to the rear wheel. Like chain drives, belt drives include a centrifugal clutch, but are more susceptible to breakage in off-road conditions.

Suspension

[

edit

]

The suspension systems of stand-up scooters range from nothing at all, to simplistic spring based fork systems, to the complicated, dampened cam-link and C.I.D.L.I (Cantilevered Independent Dynamic Linkless Indespension) suspension mechanisms or a hybrid combination of wooden deck, coil spring, and dampers.

Brakes

[

edit

]

Brake systems of kick scooters include disc brakes; magnetic brakes; and less efficient hydraulic brakes. Brakes can be placed on the front and/or back wheel(s). Many newer e-scooter models also have Kinetic Energy Regeneration System (KERS), which also acts as an electronic ABS system (E-ABS) on some models.

Gallery

[

edit

]

• Man on a motorised scooter in the 1920s

• 1922 Austro Motorette 82 cc two stroke

• Example of a Go-Ped.

• An Evercross H5 e-scooter being ridden

Companies

[

edit

]

• AER
• Apollo
• Askoll
• Beam
• Bird
• Boosted
• Currus
• EcoReco
• EMOVE
• Evercross
• EVOLV
• E-TWOW
• Fiat
• Fiido
• Fluid Freeride
• Glion
• Globber
• GOTRAX
• Helbiz
• Hiboy
• Hopp
• Jetson
• Inmotion
• Inokim
• Joyor
• Kaabo
• Levy
• Lime
• Mearth
• Mercane
• Mii2
• Minimotors
• Macwheel
• Mongoose
• Nabi Boards
• NAMI
• Nanrobot
• Neuron
• Niu
• Qiewa
• Razor
• RION
• Segway
• Skip Scooters
• Spin
• Splach
• Swagtron
• TAUR
• TurboAnt
• Turbowheel
• Uber
• Unagi
• Uscooters
• Varla
• Vsett
• WEPED
• Work's Electric
• Yume
• Xiaomi
• Zero

See also

[

edit

]

References

[

edit

]

If you’ve visited a big city recently, you’ve likely seen sightseers and city-dwellers alike zipping around town on electric scooters. Micromobility companies have helped revolutionize the era of personal transportation, making it easier, faster, and more fun to get from A to B. 

And while the creation of an electric scooter market has brought these powerful machines into the mainstream of public awareness, they are by no means a new invention. In fact, electric scooters have been around for more than a century.   

Does that surprise you? 

If so, you’ll be interested to learn that the electric scooter history is rich and fascinating. Today, we’ll briefly discuss the evolution of this incredible technology. 

When Were Electric Scooters Invented?

Motorized scooters are as old, if not older, than the first cars. While wooden kick scooters date as far back as the early 1800s, the first motorized scooter designed for adults wasn’t developed until 1913. And the finished product wasn’t released to the public until 1917. 

Photo by courtesy of the National Museum of American History. https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_746073

But the concept dates back even further.

In 1817, Baron Karl von Drais De Sauerbrun, debuted a two-wheeled, human-powered vehicle known as the velocipede — an early forerunner to the monowheel, bicycle, tricycle, and scooter.(1) The word he coined was derivative of two Latin words: 

• Velox, veloc – ‘swift’ 

• Pes, ped – ‘foot’ 

Over the next century, his invention inspired several other creators to produce motorized personal vehicles. For example, Ogden Bolton Jr. was granted the first patent for a battery-powered bicycle in 1895 (2). These men helped set the stage for the Autoped. 

Who Invented the Electric Scooter?

The first motorized scooter for adults was created by inventor Arthur Hugo Cecil Gibson. On July 26th, 1913, he filed a patent for the Self Propelled Vehicle, which he would later dub the Autoped. (3)

The design of the Autoped looks quite similar to a modern electric scooter. Obviously, it’s bulkier due to technology restrictions and the machine was gas-powered, but the bones remain the same. In the patent application, Gibson described his invention as follows:(3)

“The objects of my invention are to produce a vehicle which will be extremely small, compact, and light in comparison to the load to be carried, and will be sufficiently powerful to offer adequate means for quick locomotion under ordinary conditions and relatively extreme economy in use and operation.”

By 1916, the patent was approved and Gibson and his business partner Joseph Merkel began to develop the first line of commercial scooters. Their factory was housed in Long Island, New York, and the original models were listed at a price of $100 with the following specs(4): 

• Engine mounted over the front wheel

• Air-cooled, 155cc four-stroke engine

• Estimated speeds of 30 mph

• Weighed over 100lbs

• Everready Battery Company battery and coil charging 

• Steering column activated brakes

• Collapsible steering rod for easy storage

One of the earliest advertisements for the Autoped named it “the motor vehicle of the millions.” It described the scooter to would-be buyers as(5): “It is new, but has been thoroughly tested by two years’ road use. It is light, easily operated, easy riding, and runs 125 miles on a gallon of gasoline. And its price is so low that almost everybody can afford one.”

Another advertisement demonstrates that the Autoped was marketed to men, women, and older children(6): 

“The Autoped is an ideal short distance conveyance for business or professional men or women to and from their places of business...for physicians to make their regular daily calls or to answer hurry calls; for the older children to go about quickly for outing or school... All will enjoy the comfort and pleasure of AUTOPEDING.”

In its short lifespan, the machine was embraced by a variety of people and professions, including the mail service, army bases, and suffragettes. But the venture was not a commercial success. By 1921, US productions ended after the company missed its sales target. 

The technology simply wasn’t there yet. 

Clearly, the idea was ahead of its time.  

The Genesis of the Razor Kick Scooter

Over the next eight decades, there were a series of follow-up concepts on the motorized scooter. With each successive iteration, small improvements were made to the technology and design. But none of the projects caught on commercially. Back then, everything a motorized scooter could do, a motorized bike could do better. 

But everything changed in the ‘90s when Wim Ouboter, a Swiss businessman and tinkerer, created a foldable aluminum scooter using inline skate wheels (7). Allegedly, Outboter had built it to make it easier for him to reach his favorite bratwurst shop in Zurich, which was more than a mile from his house — too far to walk, too close to drive.   

What he created was a solution for a problem that hadn’t even been coined yet, but would later be known as the “first-mile, last-mile problem,” which states that there’s a certain cut off point — typically a mile or less — where pedestrians are not comfortable walking or driving to a public transit stop or a general destination.

In 1998, he debuted a three-wheeled version of his scooter — titled the Kickboar — at the International Sports Fair in Munich. It was received with great enthusiasm, helping him launch micromobility Systems in 1999, a manufacturer dedicated to producing his two-wheeled scooter concept. 

The invention caught on, especially in walking cities. 

In Japan, for instance, young people in Tokyo embraced the portable personal mobility device as a convenient means for going to and from public transit. It became so popular that Ouboter’s Taiwanese production partner, JD Corp, made a licensing deal to distribute the scooter in the U.S. under the name “Razor.” 

And, as they say, the rest is history.  

Scooters Rise in North America

For Ouboter, the goal of his product was to “fundamentally change urban transportation.” He envisioned it as an urban-last mile transportation solution for the modern worker — one that eventually used an electric motor with a rear-mounted rechargeable battery.  

The team at JD Corp, and its American subsidiary, Razor USA, saw it differently. Gino Tsai, president of JD Corp, wanted to market it as a kid-focused product. And his gamble paid off. According to Bloomberg: 

“The Razor was selected as the ‘Spring/Summer Toy of the Year’ by the Toy Association in 2000; by 2001, 7 million of them were whizzing along America’s suburban cul-de-sacs. But a funny thing happened to the tiny silver machines that leaped from Ouboter’s imagination onto the sidewalks of the world at the turn of the millennium. Ouboter had never thought of his creation as a toy.”

Thus started the kid-scooter frenzy. 

But the Razor USA team knew it had to capitalize on the success of the initial model. By 2003,(8) Razor debuted its first electric scooter, which used a twisting throttle and boasted speeds of up to 15 miles per hour. But once more, the technology simply wasn’t there yet; charges didn’t last long and these models were pricey for consumers. 

The battery-powered scooter didn’t catch on. And after the initial hype, Razor’s sales came crashing back down to earth over the next decade.  

In 2009, lithium-ion battery technology became powerful and refined enough to be used in smaller personal vehicles. Even then, it took nearly another decade for this technology integration to actually land and for electronic micromobility vehicles to re-emerge into the public sphere. 

But 

when did electric scooters become popular? 

Not until 2018. What started with GPS-powered dockless bike rental services throughout big cities, was followed by the emergence of rental electric scooter companies also vying for their share of the micromobility market share. As Bloomberg notes,(9) there was a “perfect storm of factors that allowed e-scooters to take over — “the falling price of batteries and GPS trackers, the near-ubiquity of smartphones, and the rising demand for space in central cities.”

It took nearly twenty years for Ouboter’s dream of an electric personal mobility revolution to catch on. 

The Emergence of Apollo

The last decade has helped seed the idea of personally owned micromobility devices in the public consciousness. Now, it’s never been more convenient or affordable to have your own electric scooter. 

Enter Apollo Scooters. 

In 2018, Chris Healthcoate-Rey and Maciek Piskorz founded Apollo Scooters in Montreal, Canada. They viewed scooters as the optimal mix of convenience and sustainability and an ideal vehicle to help push toward an electricity-based society. 

Apollo’s mission was simple — to create the best personal electric scooter on the market. And they wanted to do it differently. Unlike competitors, they sought to design, manufacture, import, and sell their custom-made electric scooters. In doing so, they could cut out the middlemen and markups in order to deliver a premium scooter at affordable prices.  

And they delivered on that promise. 

Apollo is already one of the top-selling and highest-rated scooters in America and Canada. In just under two years of being in business, Apollo scooters sold more than 10,000 units, providing thousands of adventurers with a commute they actually look forward to.   

Apollo Electric Scooter Models

Currently, Apollo offers five different models of scooter that differ by top speed, range, and price. Here’s how each one breaks down:

• Apollo Air

   

  – The Apollo Air is the most portable and affordable high-end electric scooter on the market. It’s designed for first-time riders who want an optimal mixture of stability, simplicity, and speed. Weighing only 35lbs and coming in at a price of $499, the Air packs a serious punch. Specs include: 

• Single motor & up to 15 MPH speed
• Up to 12 miles of range
• 35 LB weight & 220 LB max load
• Front spring suspension
• Rear disc brake

• Apollo City

   – As the name implies, this version is the ultimate city commuter. It balances power and portability, which are must-haves for personal mobility transport. Retailing at $999, the City boasts the following specs: 

• Single motor & up to 25 MPH speed
• Up to 28 miles of range
• 39 LB weight & 265 LB max load
• Dual spring suspension system
• Folding handlebars & stem

• Apollo Explore

   – This model is built for the city explorer, the rider that wants to zip wherever the road may take them, up any hill or across any gravel road. Selling at $1,399, this scooter was designed with the following specs: 

• Single motor & up to 31 MPH speed

• Up to 34 miles of range

• 52LB weight & 265LB max load

• Dual spring suspension system

• Folding handlebars & stem

• Apollo Ghost – The Ghost isn’t just an evolution in electric scooter design, it’s a revolution. With a dual-motor drive and aluminum forged frame, this scooter packs a serious punch. As Wired Magazine put it, (10) “This dual-motor electric kick scooter is so powerful you’ll feel your soul lurch out of your body as you hit the throttle…” Its specs include: 

• Dual motor & up to 34 MPH speed

• Up to 39 miles of range

• 64 LB weight & 300 LB max load

• Adjustable dual spring suspension

• Folding handlebars & stem

  
  

• Apollo Phantom

   

  – The Phantom is the most powerful scooter on the market, bar none. For the price of $1799, you receive a scooter that boasts:

• Dual motor & up to 38 MPH speed

• Up to 40 miles of range

• 77LB weight & 300LB max load

• Quadruple spring suspension

• Proprietary HEX display

Apollo Scooters — Uniting the Vision of the Past with the Technology of the Present 

The history of electric scooters is intricate. 

It’s impossible to definitively answer questions like who invented the electric scooter or when was the first electric scooter made. Over the century, there have been multiple inventors and iterations that contributed to the evolution of the modern electric scooter. 

And to them, we at Apollo tip our hat. We’re grateful for the path they have forged. 

Now, our mission is to build upon their legacy — to continue to drive the micromobility revolution onwards. 

We hope you’ll hop on and join us on this journey.  

Sources 

(1) Tonton Velo. L’Industrie Velocipede. https://forum.tontonvelo.com/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=4043

(2) Google Patents. Electrical Bicycle. https://patents.google.com/patent/US552271A/en

(3) Patent Images. A.H.C. Gibson Self Propelled Vehicle. 

https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/60/17/4b/7d0fcfa10b2cd4/US1192514.pdf

(4) BuyVintage1. 1918 Everready Autoped Scooter. https://buyvintage1.wordpress.com/page-29-1935-velocette-gtp-250cc/

(5) BuyVintage1. https://buyvintage1.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/autoped_11.jpg

(6) Smithsonian Magazine. The Motorized Scooter Boom That Hit a Century Before Dockless Scooters. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/motorized-scooter-boom-hit-century-dockless-scooters-180971989/

(7) Wayback Machine. micromobility Systems: Realizing the Scooter Dream. https://web.archive.org/web/20110707004432/http://www.ifpm.unisg.ch/org/ifpm/web.nsf/SysWebRessources/Realizing+the+Scooter+Dream/%24FILE/Micro-Last2-e.pdf

(8) CNN. Scooter Wave Slides Across America. https://www.cnn.com/2000/US/12/05/razor.reut/index.html

(9) Bloomberg. The Man Behind the Scooter Revolution. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-26/how-a-kids-scooter-became-a-micromobility-revolution

(10) Wired Magazine. Review: Apollo Ghost. https://www.wired.com/review/apollo-ghost/