When did car manufacturers start putting chips in keys?

Key used to open and/or start an automobile

Car key in ignition Car ignition and steering wheel lock

A car key or an automobile key is a key used to open and/or start an automobile. Modern key designs are usually symmetrical, and some use grooves on both sides, rather than a cut edge, to actuate the lock. It has multiple uses for the automobile with which it was sold. A car key can open the doors, as well as start the ignition, open the glove compartment and also open the trunk (boot) of the car. Some cars come with an additional key known as a valet key that starts the ignition and opens the driver's side door, but prevents the valet from gaining access to valuables that are located in the trunk or the glove box. Some valet keys, particularly those to high-performance vehicles, go so far as to restrict the engine's power output to prevent joyriding.[1] Recently, features such as coded immobilizers have been implemented in newer vehicles. More sophisticated systems make ignition dependent on electronic devices, rather than the mechanical keyswitch. A number of these systems, such as KeeLoq and Megamos Crypto have been demonstrated to be weak and vulnerable to cryptanalytic attacks.[2]

Ignition switches or locks are combined with security locking of the steering column (in many modern vehicles) or the gear lever (such as in Saab Automobile vehicles). In the latter, the switch is between the seats, preventing damage to the driver's knee in the event of a collision.

Keyless entry systems, which use a door-mounted keypad, key fob, a wireless-enabled handheld computing device (e.g., smartphone or tablet), or a remote control in place of a toothed key, have become a standard feature on most new cars. Some of them are handsfree in that a vehicle door is automatically unlocked when the user's handheld device is detected within proximity to the vehicle.

Some high-tech automotive keys are billed as theft deterrents. Mercedes-Benz uses a key that, rather than have a cut metal piece to start the car, uses an encoded infrared beam that communicates with the car's computer. If the codes match, the car can be started. These keys can be expensive to replace if lost and can cost up to US $400.

A switchblade key is basically the same as any other car key, except in appearance. The switchblade key is designed to fold away inside the fob when it is not being used. Switchblade keys have become very popular recently[when?] because of their smart compact look. These type of keys are also commonly referred as Flip Keys. Because switchblade keys are only developed for new car models, they are usually equipped with a programmed transponder chip.

History

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Automobiles had door keys earlier, but the first ignition keys that also operated the starter mechanism were introduced by Chrysler in 1949. Popular Mechanics, in April 1949, wrote:

Among the innovations of primary interest to the driver is the combination ignition and starter switch which eliminates the starter button. The car starts by turning the ignition key slightly beyond the 'ignition on' position. When released, the key automatically returns to 'ignition on'. Aside from the convenience to the driver, this starter makes it impossible for children to move a car which has been left in gear by pushing the starter button.[3]

In the 1950s, early versions of "flip keys" resembling jack knives were made by the Signa-Craft company out of New York with various period U.S. automaker's prototype "Dream Cars" like the Pontiac Strato-Streak and the Cadillac El Camino featured on them.[citation needed]

Signa-Craft and other manufacturers like Curtis, Taylor Locks, and Mr. Key also produced keys for many 1950's-1970's makes and models known as "Crest Keys". These were automotive keys that featured an enameled rendition of the auto manufacturer's logo on the bow and were plated in 14k gold. During the early 1960s, these special keys became so popular that oil companies like Mobil, Texaco, and Union 76 began issuing their own logoed versions as promotional items for their customers.[citation needed]

Meanwhile, companies like Briggs and Stratton, and Hurd, were making key blanks with automaker's logos on them. These became known as "Logo Blanks". These key blanks were the same as the original keys issued by the automaker, and allowed the owner to purchase duplicate keys identical to the original.

Car enthusiast shows

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Car enthusiasts, who enter competitive car shows, attempt to maintain the stock look of their car keys. Picky car show judges will often score a vehicle down for not having a correct set of keys with the original automaker's logo, and lock code, stamped on them. Many of these original logo blanks are no longer manufactured and are only available from dwindling old stock supplies.[4]

Types

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Internal cut

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Internal-cut key from a Volkswagen automobile

An internal cut (also known as "sidewinder" or "laser cut") key has a rectangular blade with a wavy groove cut up the center of the face of the blade, at a constant depth.

Typically the key has an identical wavy groove on the back of the blade, making it symmetrical so it works no matter which way it is inserted. These keys must be cut by special key cutting machines made for them.[5]

Transponder

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Transponder keys may also be called "chip keys". Transponder keys are automotive ignition keys with signal-emitting circuits built inside.

When the key is turned in the ignition cylinder, the car's computer transmits a radio signal to the transponder circuit. The circuit has no battery; it is energized by the radio signal itself. The circuit typically has a computer chip that is programmed to respond by sending a coded signal back to the car's computer. If the circuit does not respond or if the code is incorrect, the engine will not start. Many cars immobilize if the wrong key is used by intruders. Chip Keys successfully protect cars from theft in two ways: forcing the ignition cylinder won't start the car, and the keys are difficult to duplicate. This is why chip keys are popular in modern cars and help decrease car theft. Transponder keys are prone to damage if used and stored incorrectly. They shouldn’t be exposed to electrical impulses, humidity, or direct sunlight. Many manufacturers, owners, and locksmiths recommend being particularly careful with keeping them with objects that might cause mechanical damage too. In case of breakage, an owner may get a new key in two ways – from their car dealership or using automotive locksmith services. Both methods are equally effective and reliable.

Many people who have transponder keys, such as those that are part of Ford Motor Company's SecuriLock system, are not aware of the fact because the circuit is hidden inside the plastic head of the key. On the other hand, General Motors produced what are known as VATS keys (Vehicle Anti-Theft System) during the 1990s, which are often erroneously believed to be transponders but actually use a simple resistor, which is visible in the blade of the key. If the electrical resistance of the resistor is wrong, or the key is a normal key without a resistor, the circuit of the car's electrical system will not allow the engine to get started.

See also

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References

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Believe it or not, when the first cars were manufactured, they did not have keys. Such cars could only be turned on through comprehensive maneuvers, and only specific individuals understood such a process. At the turn of the 20th century in 1910, manufacturers came up with the first car key that car owners could only use to lock the ignition. Still, in this case, the driver had to crank up the engine to start the car. From there, it took several years before manufacturers came up with other versions of keys. Read on to see inside the evolution of car keys over the years.

Evolution of Car Keys

Edge cut keys

The idea of producing car keys started with traditional metal ones. In 1949, Chrysler became one of the first car manufacturing companies to introduce mechanical keys that could turn the ignition on. The mechanical keys on that period had one edge. Later in 1965, Ford invented double-sided keys that were more secure than single-sided keys. Although these keys have cuts on both edges that provided more security than their predecessor, people could still duplicate them.

Sidewinder keys

In the 1970s, manufacturers decided to enhance the security of their cars. In this case, car manufacturers introduced sidewinder keys to enhance the security of mechanical keys. Although these keys were still mechanical, one of the best aspects of them is that they had unique winding cuts on both surfaces of the key blade. These keys had smooth or rough edges, but their carving made them unique and challenging for one to replicate. The sidewinder keys had a specialized kind of cutter that engraved the cut specification on a key blade. Since that time,  sidewinder car keys have continued to gain popularity in the modern car market.

Remote keys

The next evolution of car keys enabled car owners to start their cars without using a physical key. Such technology came with other additional functions that included unlocking and locking the car trunk and doors remotely. The remote car key design comes with varying levels of security, shapes, frequencies, and sizes.

General Motors introduced one of the first remote car keys known as VATS (Vehicle Anti-Theft System) in the mid-1980s. The 1986 Chevrolet Corvette added a coded resister to its VAT key. Such a technique provided more security that protected cars from brute force attacks on their lock system.

Transponder keys

During the late 1990s, manufacturers made transponder keys that involved a combination of side-winder keys with a small RFID emulation circuit or RFID chip. One of the advantages of these car keys is that they could hinder brutal force attacks on a car locking system. When a car senses a transponder key enter the ignition, the key and ignition lock cylinder will communicate through radio frequencies. This technique enables the car computer to determine if the key attempting to turn on the car is authorized.

Since their inception, these types of keys have continued to evolve to be increasingly secure and popular. In case you have managed to drive a car manufactured in the late 1990s or early 2000s, you might use a transponder key. On the contrary, if you lose your transponder key, you can find it challenging to replace it. In this case, there are several chips, security levels, technologies in transponder-equipped cars, and intensive training is needed to create a new copy.

Production of modern-day smart keys

Currently, most cars have a combination of mechanical, transponder, and remote keys into a single unit known as a remote. In this case, the remote is used to open the trunk and lock or unlock doors, while a transponder is used to start a car.

The production of smart keys started in In 1990 when Jaguar used a key known as Tibbe in its models before the key become extinct by the end of 2013. Lexus LS 400 which was introduced in the 1990s became the earliest model to use Laser cut keys that came with additional security making duplication difficult.

In the 1990s, Mercedes Benz came up with a switchblade key that flipped off a remote locking key fob. Current Volkswagen vehicles still use this kind of key. In 1993, Chevrolet introduced a proximity keyless entry system for starting a car. Currently, this key can manage to detect a nearby fob to unlock or lock a car. To start a car, you have to insert a fob into a slot on a dashboard and push a button. Such technology eliminated the need to turn on the ignition and reduced the number of mechanical parts. In general, such a system provided better convenience and security.

In 2003, Mercedes came up with a fully functional proximity key that resembled a credit card, and after a few months, Lexus introduced a version of a smart card. Later in 2004, Chevrolet launched remote start-up keys.

Modern Smart Car Keys

In 2016 BMW introduced the best modern display keys where it included an LCD touch screen. Through this technology, you can unlock your vehicle while you are 100 miles away. The 7-series of BMW produced in 2016 do have a key that can open the trunk and set climate control. You can recharge this key using a USB cable. Later in 2018, Tesla introduced a smartphone app that uses Bluetooth key technology and uses a credit card key system if the battery of your smartphone runs out.

What to Expect in the Future

An average consumer might not realize the evolution of car keys, but in the market, you can get a variety of car keys. When it comes to the security of your car, you should understand the differences between different kinds of keys and what led manufacturers to produce them. Currently, criminals are continuing to search for ways to outsmart the latest smart key system. On the contrary, manufacturers are still looking for ways of developing advanced auto-lock systems that would be harder to compromise or replicate. Therefore, we expect more advanced key technologies in the future.

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