Heao supply professional and honest service.
1. Executive Summary 1.1. Global Market Outlook 1.2. Demand-side Trends 1.3. Supply-side Trends 1.4. Technology Roadmap Analysis 1.5. Analysis and Recommendations 2. Market Overview 2.1. Market Coverage / Taxonomy 2.2. Market Definition / Scope / Limitations 3. Market Background 3.1. Market Dynamics 3.1.1. Drivers 3.1.2. Restraints 3.1.3. Opportunity 3.1.4. Trends 3.2. Scenario Forecast 3.2.1. Demand in Optimistic Scenario 3.2.2. Demand in Likely Scenario 3.2.3. Demand in Conservative Scenario 3.3. Opportunity Map Analysis 3.4. Product Life Cycle Analysis 3.5. Supply Chain Analysis 3.5.1. Supply Side Participants and their Roles 3.5.1.1. Manufacturer 3.5.1.2. Mid-Level Participants (Traders) 3.5.1.3. Distributors 3.5.2. Value Added and Value Created at Node in the Supply Chain 3.5.3. List of Raw Material Suppliers 3.5.4. List of Existing and Potential Buyer’s 3.6. Investment Feasibility Matrix 3.7. Value Chain Analysis 3.7.1. Profit Margin Analysis 3.7.2. Distributors 3.8. PESTLE and Porter’s Analysis 3.9. Regulatory Landscape 3.9.1. By Key Regions 3.9.2. By Key Countries 3.10. Regional Parent Market Outlook 3.11. Production and Consumption Statistics 3.12. Import and Export Statistics 4. Global Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast, 2024 to 2034 4.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis, 2019 to 2023 4.2. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Projections, 2024 to 2034 4.2.1. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis 4.2.2. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis 5. Global Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Material 5.1. Introduction / Key Findings 5.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis By Material, 2019 to 2023 5.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast By Material, 2024 to 2034 5.3.1. Plastic 5.3.2. Metal/Foil 5.3.3. Paper 5.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Material, 2019 to 2023 5.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Material, 2024 to 2034 6. Global Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Product 6.1. Introduction / Key Findings 6.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis By Product, 2019 to 2023 6.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast By Product, 2024 to 2034 6.3.1. Stand Up 6.3.2. Flat Pouch 6.3.3. Rollstock 6.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Product, 2019 to 2023 6.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Product, 2024 to 2034 7. Global Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By End Use 7.1. Introduction / Key Findings 7.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis By End Use, 2019 to 2023 7.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast By End Use, 2024 to 2034 7.3.1. Food & Beverages 7.3.2. Pharmaceuticals 7.3.3. Cosmetic & Personal Care 7.3.4. Consumer Electronics 7.3.5. Homecare 7.3.6. Automotive 7.3.7. Chemicals 7.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By End Use, 2019 to 2023 7.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By End Use, 2024 to 2034 8. Global Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Region 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis By Region, 2019 to 2023 8.3. Current Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast By Region, 2024 to 2034 8.3.1. North America 8.3.2. Latin America 8.3.3. Western Europe 8.3.4. Eastern Europe 8.3.5. South Asia and Pacific 8.3.6. East Asia 8.3.7. Middle East and Africa 8.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region 9. North America Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country 9.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023 9.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034 9.2.1. By Country 9.2.1.1. USA 9.2.1.2. Canada 9.2.2. By Material 9.2.3. By Product 9.2.4. By End Use 9.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis 9.3.1. By Country 9.3.2. By Material 9.3.3. By Product 9.3.4. By End Use 9.4. Key Takeaways 10. Latin America Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country 10.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023 10.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034 10.2.1. By Country 10.2.1.1. Brazil 10.2.1.2. Mexico 10.2.1.3. Rest of Latin America 10.2.2. By Material 10.2.3. By Product 10.2.4. By End Use 10.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis 10.3.1. By Country 10.3.2. By Material 10.3.3. By Product 10.3.4. By End Use 10.4. Key Takeaways 11. Western Europe Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country 11.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023 11.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034 11.2.1. By Country 11.2.1.1. Germany 11.2.1.2. UK 11.2.1.3. France 11.2.1.4. Spain 11.2.1.5. Italy 11.2.1.6. Rest of Western Europe 11.2.2. By Material 11.2.3. By Product 11.2.4. By End Use 11.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis 11.3.1. By Country 11.3.2. By Material 11.3.3. By Product 11.3.4. By End Use 11.4. Key Takeaways 12. Eastern Europe Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country 12.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023 12.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034 12.2.1. By Country 12.2.1.1. Poland 12.2.1.2. Russia 12.2.1.3. Czech Republic 12.2.1.4. Romania 12.2.1.5. Rest of Eastern Europe 12.2.2. By Material 12.2.3. By Product 12.2.4. By End Use 12.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis 12.3.1. By Country 12.3.2. By Material 12.3.3. By Product 12.3.4. By End Use 12.4. Key Takeaways 13. South Asia and Pacific Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country 13.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023 13.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034 13.2.1. By Country 13.2.1.1. India 13.2.1.2. Bangladesh 13.2.1.3. Australia 13.2.1.4. New Zealand 13.2.1.5. Rest of South Asia and Pacific 13.2.2. By Material 13.2.3. By Product 13.2.4. By End Use 13.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis 13.3.1. By Country 13.3.2. By Material 13.3.3. By Product 13.3.4. By End Use 13.4. Key Takeaways 14. East Asia Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country 14.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023 14.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034 14.2.1. By Country 14.2.1.1. China 14.2.1.2. Japan 14.2.1.3. South Korea 14.2.2. By Material 14.2.3. By Product 14.2.4. By End Use 14.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis 14.3.1. By Country 14.3.2. By Material 14.3.3. By Product 14.3.4. By End Use 14.4. Key Takeaways 15. Middle East and Africa Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country 15.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023 15.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034 15.2.1. By Country 15.2.1.1. GCC Countries 15.2.1.2. South Africa 15.2.1.3. Israel 15.2.1.4. Rest of MEA 15.2.2. By Material 15.2.3. By Product 15.2.4. By End Use 15.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis 15.3.1. By Country 15.3.2. By Material 15.3.3. By Product 15.3.4. By End Use 15.4. Key Takeaways 16. Key Countries Market Analysis 16.1. USA 16.1.1. Pricing Analysis 16.1.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.1.2.1. By Material 16.1.2.2. By Product 16.1.2.3. By End Use 16.2. Canada 16.2.1. Pricing Analysis 16.2.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.2.2.1. By Material 16.2.2.2. By Product 16.2.2.3. By End Use 16.3. Brazil 16.3.1. Pricing Analysis 16.3.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.3.2.1. By Material 16.3.2.2. By Product 16.3.2.3. By End Use 16.4. Mexico 16.4.1. Pricing Analysis 16.4.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.4.2.1. By Material 16.4.2.2. By Product 16.4.2.3. By End Use 16.5. Germany 16.5.1. Pricing Analysis 16.5.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.5.2.1. By Material 16.5.2.2. By Product 16.5.2.3. By End Use 16.6. UK 16.6.1. Pricing Analysis 16.6.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.6.2.1. By Material 16.6.2.2. By Product 16.6.2.3. By End Use 16.7. France 16.7.1. Pricing Analysis 16.7.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.7.2.1. By Material 16.7.2.2. By Product 16.7.2.3. By End Use 16.8. Spain 16.8.1. Pricing Analysis 16.8.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.8.2.1. By Material 16.8.2.2. By Product 16.8.2.3. By End Use 16.9. Italy 16.9.1. Pricing Analysis 16.9.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.9.2.1. By Material 16.9.2.2. By Product 16.9.2.3. By End Use 16.10. Poland 16.10.1. Pricing Analysis 16.10.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.10.2.1. By Material 16.10.2.2. By Product 16.10.2.3. By End Use 16.11. Russia 16.11.1. Pricing Analysis 16.11.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.11.2.1. By Material 16.11.2.2. By Product 16.11.2.3. By End Use 16.12. Czech Republic 16.12.1. Pricing Analysis 16.12.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.12.2.1. By Material 16.12.2.2. By Product 16.12.2.3. By End Use 16.13. Romania 16.13.1. Pricing Analysis 16.13.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.13.2.1. By Material 16.13.2.2. By Product 16.13.2.3. By End Use 16.14. India 16.14.1. Pricing Analysis 16.14.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.14.2.1. By Material 16.14.2.2. By Product 16.14.2.3. By End Use 16.15. Bangladesh 16.15.1. Pricing Analysis 16.15.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.15.2.1. By Material 16.15.2.2. By Product 16.15.2.3. By End Use 16.16. Australia 16.16.1. Pricing Analysis 16.16.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.16.2.1. By Material 16.16.2.2. By Product 16.16.2.3. By End Use 16.17. New Zealand 16.17.1. Pricing Analysis 16.17.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.17.2.1. By Material 16.17.2.2. By Product 16.17.2.3. By End Use 16.18. China 16.18.1. Pricing Analysis 16.18.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.18.2.1. By Material 16.18.2.2. By Product 16.18.2.3. By End Use 16.19. Japan 16.19.1. Pricing Analysis 16.19.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.19.2.1. By Material 16.19.2.2. By Product 16.19.2.3. By End Use 16.20. South Korea 16.20.1. Pricing Analysis 16.20.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.20.2.1. By Material 16.20.2.2. By Product 16.20.2.3. By End Use 16.21. GCC Countries 16.21.1. Pricing Analysis 16.21.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.21.2.1. By Material 16.21.2.2. By Product 16.21.2.3. By End Use 16.22. South Africa 16.22.1. Pricing Analysis 16.22.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.22.2.1. By Material 16.22.2.2. By Product 16.22.2.3. By End Use 16.23. Israel 16.23.1. Pricing Analysis 16.23.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023 16.23.2.1. By Material 16.23.2.2. By Product 16.23.2.3. By End Use 17. Market Structure Analysis 17.1. Competition Dashboard 17.2. Competition Benchmarking 17.3. Market Share Analysis of Top Players 17.3.1. By Regional 17.3.2. By Material 17.3.3. By Product 17.3.4. By End Use 18. Competition Analysis 18.1. Competition Deep Dive 18.1.1. Amcor Plc 18.1.1.1. Overview 18.1.1.2. Product Portfolio 18.1.1.3. Profitability by Market Segments 18.1.1.4. Sales Footprint 18.1.1.5. Strategy Overview 18.1.1.5.1. Marketing Strategy 18.1.1.5.2. Product Strategy 18.1.1.5.3. Channel Strategy 18.1.2. Smurfit Kappa Group 18.1.2.1. Overview 18.1.2.2. Product Portfolio 18.1.2.3. Profitability by Market Segments 18.1.2.4. Sales Footprint 18.1.2.5. Strategy Overview 18.1.2.5.1. Marketing Strategy 18.1.2.5.2. Product Strategy 18.1.2.5.3. Channel Strategy 18.1.3. Sonoco Company Ltd. 18.1.3.1. Overview 18.1.3.2. Product Portfolio 18.1.3.3. Profitability by Market Segments 18.1.3.4. Sales Footprint 18.1.3.5. Strategy Overview 18.1.3.5.1. Marketing Strategy 18.1.3.5.2. Product Strategy 18.1.3.5.3. Channel Strategy 18.1.4. Mondi Plc 18.1.4.1. Overview 18.1.4.2. Product Portfolio 18.1.4.3. Profitability by Market Segments 18.1.4.4. Sales Footprint 18.1.4.5. Strategy Overview 18.1.4.5.1. Marketing Strategy 18.1.4.5.2. Product Strategy 18.1.4.5.3. Channel Strategy 18.1.5. Sealed Air 18.1.5.1. Overview 18.1.5.2. Product Portfolio 18.1.5.3. Profitability by Market Segments 18.1.5.4. Sales Footprint 18.1.5.5. Strategy Overview 18.1.5.5.1. Marketing Strategy 18.1.5.5.2. Product Strategy 18.1.5.5.3. Channel Strategy 18.1.6. Huhtamaki Oyj 18.1.6.1. Overview 18.1.6.2. Product Portfolio 18.1.6.3. Profitability by Market Segments 18.1.6.4. Sales Footprint 18.1.6.5. Strategy Overview 18.1.6.5.1. Marketing Strategy 18.1.6.5.2. Product Strategy 18.1.6.5.3. Channel Strategy 18.1.7. Constantia Flexibles 18.1.7.1. Overview 18.1.7.2. Product Portfolio 18.1.7.3. Profitability by Market Segments 18.1.7.4. Sales Footprint 18.1.7.5. Strategy Overview 18.1.7.5.1. Marketing Strategy 18.1.7.5.2. Product Strategy 18.1.7.5.3. Channel Strategy 18.1.8. Coveries 18.1.8.1. Overview 18.1.8.2. Product Portfolio 18.1.8.3. Profitability by Market Segments 18.1.8.4. Sales Footprint 18.1.8.5. Strategy Overview 18.1.8.5.1. Marketing Strategy 18.1.8.5.2. Product Strategy 18.1.8.5.3. Channel Strategy 18.1.9. Clondalkin Group 18.1.9.1. Overview 18.1.9.2. Product Portfolio 18.1.9.3. Profitability by Market Segments 18.1.9.4. Sales Footprint 18.1.9.5. Strategy Overview 18.1.9.5.1. Marketing Strategy 18.1.9.5.2. Product Strategy 18.1.9.5.3. Channel Strategy 18.1.10. Goglio Spa 18.1.10.1. Overview 18.1.10.2. Product Portfolio 18.1.10.3. Profitability by Market Segments 18.1.10.4. Sales Footprint 18.1.10.5. Strategy Overview 18.1.10.5.1. Marketing Strategy 18.1.10.5.2. Product Strategy 18.1.10.5.3. Channel Strategy 18.1.11. Wipf Holding AG 18.1.11.1. Overview 18.1.11.2. Product Portfolio 18.1.11.3. Profitability by Market Segments 18.1.11.4. Sales Footprint 18.1.11.5. Strategy Overview 18.1.11.5.1. Marketing Strategy 18.1.11.5.2. Product Strategy 18.1.11.5.3. Channel Strategy 19. Assumptions & Acronyms Used 20. Research Methodology
Don't pay for what you don't need
Customize your report by selecting specific countries or regions and save 30%!
Table 1: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region, 2019 to 2034 Table 2: Global Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Region, 2019 to 2034 Table 3: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 4: Global Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 5: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 6: Global Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 7: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 8: Global Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 9: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 10: North America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 11: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 12: North America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 13: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 14: North America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 15: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 16: North America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 17: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 18: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 19: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 20: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 21: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 22: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 23: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 24: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 25: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 26: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 27: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 28: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 29: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 30: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 31: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 32: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 33: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 34: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 35: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 36: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 37: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 38: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 39: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 40: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 41: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 42: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 43: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 44: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 45: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 46: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 47: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 48: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 49: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 50: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 51: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 52: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 53: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 54: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 55: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 56: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 57: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 58: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034 Table 59: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 60: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034 Table 61: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 62: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034 Table 63: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Table 64: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034Ismail Sutaria
Principal Consultant
Talk to Analyst
Find your sweet spots for generating winning opportunities in this market.
Figure 1: Global Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 2: Global Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 3: Global Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 4: Global Market Value (US$ Million) by Region, 2024 to 2034 Figure 5: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Region, 2019 to 2034 Figure 6: Global Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Region, 2019 to 2034 Figure 7: Global Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Region, 2024 to 2034 Figure 8: Global Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Region, 2024 to 2034 Figure 9: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 10: Global Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 11: Global Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 12: Global Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 13: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 14: Global Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 15: Global Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 16: Global Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 17: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 18: Global Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 19: Global Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 20: Global Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 21: Global Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 22: Global Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 23: Global Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 24: Global Market Attractiveness by Region, 2024 to 2034 Figure 25: North America Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 26: North America Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 27: North America Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 28: North America Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 29: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 30: North America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 31: North America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 32: North America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 33: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 34: North America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 35: North America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 36: North America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 37: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 38: North America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 39: North America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 40: North America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 41: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 42: North America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 43: North America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 44: North America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 45: North America Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 46: North America Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 47: North America Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 48: North America Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 49: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 50: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 51: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 52: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 53: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 54: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 55: Latin America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 56: Latin America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 57: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 58: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 59: Latin America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 60: Latin America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 61: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 62: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 63: Latin America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 64: Latin America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 65: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 66: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 67: Latin America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 68: Latin America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 69: Latin America Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 70: Latin America Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 71: Latin America Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 72: Latin America Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 73: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 74: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 75: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 76: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 77: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 78: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 79: Western Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 80: Western Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 81: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 82: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 83: Western Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 84: Western Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 85: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 86: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 87: Western Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 88: Western Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 89: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 90: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 91: Western Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 92: Western Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 93: Western Europe Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 94: Western Europe Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 95: Western Europe Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 96: Western Europe Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 97: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 98: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 99: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 100: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 101: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 102: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 103: Eastern Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 104: Eastern Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 105: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 106: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 107: Eastern Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 108: Eastern Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 109: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 110: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 111: Eastern Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 112: Eastern Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 113: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 114: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 115: Eastern Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 116: Eastern Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 117: Eastern Europe Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 118: Eastern Europe Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 119: Eastern Europe Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 120: Eastern Europe Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 121: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 122: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 123: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 124: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 125: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 126: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 127: South Asia and Pacific Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 128: South Asia and Pacific Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 129: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 130: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 131: South Asia and Pacific Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 132: South Asia and Pacific Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 133: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 134: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 135: South Asia and Pacific Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 136: South Asia and Pacific Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 137: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 138: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 139: South Asia and Pacific Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 140: South Asia and Pacific Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 141: South Asia and Pacific Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 142: South Asia and Pacific Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 143: South Asia and Pacific Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 144: South Asia and Pacific Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 145: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 146: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 147: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 148: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 149: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 150: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 151: East Asia Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 152: East Asia Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 153: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 154: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 155: East Asia Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 156: East Asia Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 157: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 158: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 159: East Asia Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 160: East Asia Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 161: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 162: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 163: East Asia Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 164: East Asia Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 165: East Asia Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 166: East Asia Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 167: East Asia Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 168: East Asia Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 169: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 170: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 171: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 172: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 173: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 174: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034 Figure 175: Middle East and Africa Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 176: Middle East and Africa Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034 Figure 177: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 178: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034 Figure 179: Middle East and Africa Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 180: Middle East and Africa Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 181: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 182: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034 Figure 183: Middle East and Africa Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 184: Middle East and Africa Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 185: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 186: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034 Figure 187: Middle East and Africa Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 188: Middle East and Africa Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 189: Middle East and Africa Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034 Figure 190: Middle East and Africa Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034 Figure 191: Middle East and Africa Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034 Figure 192: Middle East and Africa Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034
As batteries were beginning to be mass-produced, the jar design changed to the cylindrical format. The large F cell for lanterns was introduced in 1896 and the D cell followed in 1898. With the need for smaller cells, the C cell followed in 1900, and the popular AA was introduced in 1907. See BU-301: Standardizing Batteries into Norms.
The cylindrical cell continues to be one of the most widely used packaging styles for primary and secondary batteries. The advantages are ease of manufacture and good mechanical stability. The tubular cylinder can withstand high internal pressures without deforming.
Many lithium and nickel-based cylindrical cells include a positive thermal coefficient (PTC) switch. When exposed to excessive current, the normally conductive polymer heats up and becomes resistive, stopping current flow and acting as short circuit protection. Once the short is removed, the PTC cools down and returns to the conductive state.
Most cylindrical cells also feature a pressure relief mechanism, and the simplest design utilizes a membrane seal that ruptures under high pressure. Leakage and dry-out may occur after the membrane breaks. Re-sealable vents with a spring-loaded valve are the preferred design. Some consumer Li-ion cells include the Charge Interrupt Device (CID) that physically and irreversibly disconnect the cell when activated to an unsafe pressure builds up. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a cylindrical cell.
Typical applications for the cylindrical cell are power tools, medical instruments, laptops and e-bikes. To allow variations within a given size, manufacturers use partial cell lengths, such as half and three-quarter formats, and nickel-cadmium provides the largest variety of cell choices. Some spilled over to nickel-metal-hydride, but not to lithium-ion as this chemistry established its own formats. The 18650 illustrated in Figure 2 remains one of the most popular cell packages. Typical applications for the 18650 Li-ion are power tools, medical devices, laptops and e-bikes.
In 2013, 2.55 billion 18650 cells were produced. Early Energy Cells had 2.2Ah; this was replaced with the 2.8Ah cell. The new cells are now 3.1Ah with an increase to 3.4Ah by 2017. Cell manufacturers are preparing for the 3.9Ah 18650.
The 18650 could well be the most optimized cell; it offers one of the lowest costs per Wh and has good reliability records. As consumers move to the flat designs in smart phones and tablets, the demand for the 18650 is fading and Figure 3 shows the over-supply that is being corrected thanks to the demand of the Tesla electric vehicles that also uses this cell format for now. As of end of 2016, the battery industry fears battery shortages to meet the growing demand for electric vehicles.
The demand for the 18650 would have peaked in 2011 had it not been for new demands in military, medical and drones, including the Tesla electric car. The switch to a flat-design in consumer products and larger format for the electric powertrain will eventually saturate the 18650. A new entry is the 21700.
There are other cylindrical Li-ion formats with dimensions of 20700, 21700 and 22700. Meanwhile, Tesla, Panasonic and Samsung have decided on the 21700 for easy of manufacturing, optimal capacity and other benefits. While the 18650 has a volume of approximately 16cm3 (16ml) with a capacity of around 3000mAh, the 21700 cell has approximately 24cm3 (24ml) with a said capacity of up to 6000mAh, essentially doubling the capacity with a 50% increase in volume. Tesla Motor refers to their company’s new 21700 as the “highest energy density cell that is also the cheapest.” (The 2170 nomenclature Tesla advocates is not totally correct; the last zero of the 21700 model describes a cylindrical cell harmonizing with the IEC standard.)
The larger 26650 cell with a diameter of 26mm does not enjoy the same popularity as the 18650. The 26650 is commonly used in load-leveling systems. A thicker cell is said to be harder to build than a thinner one. Making the cell longer is preferred. There is also a 26700 made by E-One Moli Energy.
Some lead acid systems also borrow the cylindrical design. Known as the Hawker Cyclone, this cell offers improved cell stability, higher discharge currents and better temperature stability compared to the conventional prismatic design. The Hawker Cyclone has its own format.
Even though the cylindrical cell does not fully utilize the space by creating air cavities on side-by-side placement, the 18650 has a higher energy density than a prismatic/pouch Li-ion cell. The 3Ah 18650 delivers 248Ah/kg, whereas a modern pouch cell has about 140Ah/kg. The higher energy density of the cylindrical cell compensates for its less ideal stacking abilities and the empty space can always be used for cooling to improve thermal management.
Cell disintegration cannot always be prevented but propagation can. Cylindrical cells are often spaced apart to stop propagation should one cell take off. Spacing also helps in the thermal management. In addition, a cylindrical design does not change size. In comparison, a 5mm prismatic cell can expand to 8mm with use and allowances must be made.
The button cell, also known as coin cell, enabled compact design in portable devices of the 1980s. Higher voltages were achieved by stacking the cells into a tube. Cordless telephones, medical devices and security wands at airports used these batteries.
Although small and inexpensive to build, the stacked button cell fell out of favor and gave way to more conventional battery formats. A drawback of the button cell is swelling if charged too rapidly. Button cells have no safety vent and can only be charged at a 10- to 16-hour charge; however, newer designs claim rapid charge capability.
Most button cells in use today are non-rechargeable and are found in medical implants, watches, hearing aids, car keys and memory backup. Figure 4 illustrates the button cells with a cross section.
CAUTION
Keep button cells to out of reach of children. Swallowing a cell can cause serious health problems. See BU-703 Health Concerns with Batteries.Figure 4: Button cells provides small size, most are primary for single-cell use[4]
Introduced in the early 1990s, the modern prismatic cell satisfies the demand for thinner sizes. Wrapped in elegant packages resembling a box of chewing gum or a small chocolate bar, prismatic cells make optimal use of space by using the layered approach. Other designs are wound and flattened into a pseudo-prismatic jelly roll. These cells are predominantly found in mobile phones, tablets and low-profile laptops ranging from 800mAh to 4,000mAh. No universal format exists and each manufacturer designs its own.
Prismatic cells are also available in large formats. Packaged in welded aluminum housings, the cells deliver capacities of 20–50Ah and are primarily used for electric powertrains in hybrid and electric vehicles. Figure 5 shows the prismatic cell.
The prismatic cell improves space utilization and allows flexible design but it can be more expensive to manufacture, less efficient in thermal management and have a shorter cycle life than the cylindrical design. Allow for some swelling.
The prismatic cell requires a firm enclosure to achieve compression. Some swelling due to gas buildup is normal, and growth allowance must be made; a 5mm (0.2”) cell can grow to 8mm (0.3”) after 500 cycles. Discontinue using the battery if the distortion presses against the battery compartment. Bulging batteries can damage equipment and compromise safety.
In 1995, the pouch cell surprised the battery world with a radical new design. Rather than using a metallic cylinder and glass-to-metal electrical feed-through, conductive foil-tabs were welded to the electrodes and brought to the outside in a fully sealed way. Figure 6 illustrates a pouch cell.
The pouch cell offers a simple, flexible and lightweight solution to battery design. Some stack pressure is recommended but allowance for swelling must be made. The pouch cells can deliver high load currents but it performs best under light loading conditions and with moderate charging.
The pouch cell makes most efficient use of space and achieves 90–95 percent packaging efficiency, the highest among battery packs. Eliminating the metal enclosure reduces weight, but the cell needs support and allowance to expand in the battery compartment. The pouch packs are used in consumer, military and automotive applications. No standardized pouch cells exist; each manufacturer designs its own.
Pouch packs are commonly Li-polymer. Small cells are popular for portable applications requiring high load currents, such as drones and hobby gadgets. The larger cells in the 40Ah range serve in energy storage systems (ESS) because fewer cells simplify the battery design.
Although easily stackable, provision must be made for swelling. While smaller pouch packs can grow 8–10 percent over 500 cycles, large cells may expand to that size in 5,000 cycles. It is best not to stack pouch cells on top of each other but to lay them flat, side by side or allow extra space in between them. Avoid sharp edges that can stress the pouch cells as they expand.
Extreme swelling is a concern. Users of pouch packs have reported up to 3 percent swelling incidents on a poor batch run. The pressure created can crack the battery cover, and in some cases, break the display and electronic circuit boards. Discontinue using an inflated battery and do not puncture the bloating cell in close proximity to heat or fire. The escaping gases can ignite. Figure 7 shows a swollen pouch cell.
Swelling can occur due to gassing. Improvements are being made with newer designs. Large pouch cells designs experience less swelling. The gases contain mainly CO2 (carbon dioxide) and CO (carbon monoxide).
Pouch cells are manufactured by adding a temporary “gasbag” on the side. Gases escape into the gasbag while forming the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) during the first charge. The gasbag is cut off and the pack is resealed as part of the finishing process. Forming a solid SEI is key to good formatting practices. Subsequent charges should produce minimal gases, however, gas generation, also known as gassing, cannot be fully avoided. It is caused by electrolyte decomposition as part of usage and aging. Stresses, such as overcharging and overheating promote gassing. Ballooning with normal use often hints to a flawed batch.
The technology has matured and prismatic and pouch cells have the potential for greater capacity than the cylindrical format. Large flat packs serve electric powertrains and Energy Storage System (ESS) with good results. The cost per kWh in the prismatic/pouch cell is still higher than with the 18650 cell but this is changing. Figure 8 compares the price of the cylindrical, prismatic and pouch cells, also known as laminated. Flat-cell designs are getting price competitive and battery experts predict a shift towards these cell formats, especially if the same performance criteria of the cylindrical cell can be met.
Historically, manufacturing costs of prismatic and pouch formats (laminate) were higher, but they are converging with cellular design. Pricing involves the manufacturing of the bare cells only.
Asian cell manufacturers anticipate cost reductions of the four most common Li-ion cells, which are the 18650, 21700, prismatic and pouch cells. The 21700 promises the largest cost decrease over the years and economical production, reaching price equilibrium with the pouch by 2025 (Figure 9).
Automation enables price equilibrium of the 21700 with the pouch cell in 2025. This does not include packaging where the prismatic and pouch cells have a cost advantages.
Fraunhofer predicts the fastest growth with the 21700 and the pouch cell while the popular 18650 will hold its own. Costs per kWh do not include BMS and packaging. The type cell chosen varies packaging costs as prismatic can easily be stacked; pouch cells may require some compression and cylindrical cells need support systems that create voids. Large packs for electric vehicle also include climate control that adds to cost.
With the pouch cell, the manufacturer is attempting to simplify cell manufacturing by replicating the packaging of food. Each format has pros and cons as summarized below.
[1] Source: Sanyo
[2] Source: Cadex Electronics
[3] Source: Avicenne Energy
[4] Source: Sanyo and Panasonic
[5] Source: Polystor Energy Corporation
[6] Source: A123
[7] Source: Battery Experts Forum
If you are looking for more details, kindly visit our website.
For more information, please visit Design and Print Solutions.