What Are the Advantages of pouch sizes?

11 Apr.,2024

 

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Table of Content

1. Executive Summary

    1.1. Global Market Outlook

    1.2. Demand-side Trends

    1.3. Supply-side Trends

    1.4. Technology Roadmap Analysis

    1.5. Analysis and Recommendations

2. Market Overview

    2.1. Market Coverage / Taxonomy

    2.2. Market Definition / Scope / Limitations

3. Market Background

    3.1. Market Dynamics

        3.1.1. Drivers

        3.1.2. Restraints

        3.1.3. Opportunity

        3.1.4. Trends

    3.2. Scenario Forecast

        3.2.1. Demand in Optimistic Scenario

        3.2.2. Demand in Likely Scenario

        3.2.3. Demand in Conservative Scenario

    3.3. Opportunity Map Analysis

    3.4. Product Life Cycle Analysis

    3.5. Supply Chain Analysis

        3.5.1. Supply Side Participants and their Roles

            3.5.1.1. Manufacturer

            3.5.1.2. Mid-Level Participants (Traders)

            3.5.1.3. Distributors

        3.5.2. Value Added and Value Created at Node in the Supply Chain

        3.5.3. List of Raw Material Suppliers

        3.5.4. List of Existing and Potential Buyer’s

    3.6. Investment Feasibility Matrix

    3.7. Value Chain Analysis

        3.7.1. Profit Margin Analysis

        3.7.2. Distributors

    3.8. PESTLE and Porter’s Analysis

    3.9. Regulatory Landscape

        3.9.1. By Key Regions

        3.9.2. By Key Countries

    3.10. Regional Parent Market Outlook

    3.11. Production and Consumption Statistics

    3.12. Import and Export Statistics

4. Global Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast, 2024 to 2034

    4.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis, 2019 to 2023

    4.2. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Projections, 2024 to 2034

        4.2.1. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis

        4.2.2. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis

5. Global Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Material

    5.1. Introduction / Key Findings

    5.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis By Material, 2019 to 2023

    5.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast By Material, 2024 to 2034

        5.3.1. Plastic

        5.3.2. Metal/Foil

        5.3.3. Paper

    5.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Material, 2019 to 2023

    5.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Material, 2024 to 2034

6. Global Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Product

    6.1. Introduction / Key Findings

    6.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis By Product, 2019 to 2023

    6.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast By Product, 2024 to 2034

        6.3.1. Stand Up

        6.3.2. Flat Pouch

        6.3.3. Rollstock

    6.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By Product, 2019 to 2023

    6.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By Product, 2024 to 2034

7. Global Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By End Use

    7.1. Introduction / Key Findings

    7.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis By End Use, 2019 to 2023

    7.3. Current and Future Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast By End Use, 2024 to 2034

        7.3.1. Food & Beverages

        7.3.2. Pharmaceuticals

        7.3.3. Cosmetic & Personal Care

        7.3.4. Consumer Electronics

        7.3.5. Homecare

        7.3.6. Automotive

        7.3.7. Chemicals

    7.4. Y-o-Y Growth Trend Analysis By End Use, 2019 to 2023

    7.5. Absolute $ Opportunity Analysis By End Use, 2024 to 2034

8. Global Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Region

    8.1. Introduction

    8.2. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis By Region, 2019 to 2023

    8.3. Current Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Analysis and Forecast By Region, 2024 to 2034

        8.3.1. North America

        8.3.2. Latin America

        8.3.3. Western Europe

        8.3.4. Eastern Europe

        8.3.5. South Asia and Pacific

        8.3.6. East Asia

        8.3.7. Middle East and Africa

    8.4. Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region

9. North America Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country

    9.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023

    9.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034

        9.2.1. By Country

            9.2.1.1. USA

            9.2.1.2. Canada

        9.2.2. By Material

        9.2.3. By Product

        9.2.4. By End Use

    9.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis

        9.3.1. By Country

        9.3.2. By Material

        9.3.3. By Product

        9.3.4. By End Use

    9.4. Key Takeaways

10. Latin America Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country

    10.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023

    10.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034

        10.2.1. By Country

            10.2.1.1. Brazil

            10.2.1.2. Mexico

            10.2.1.3. Rest of Latin America

        10.2.2. By Material

        10.2.3. By Product

        10.2.4. By End Use

    10.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis

        10.3.1. By Country

        10.3.2. By Material

        10.3.3. By Product

        10.3.4. By End Use

    10.4. Key Takeaways

11. Western Europe Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country

    11.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023

    11.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034

        11.2.1. By Country

            11.2.1.1. Germany

            11.2.1.2. UK

            11.2.1.3. France

            11.2.1.4. Spain

            11.2.1.5. Italy

            11.2.1.6. Rest of Western Europe

        11.2.2. By Material

        11.2.3. By Product

        11.2.4. By End Use

    11.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis

        11.3.1. By Country

        11.3.2. By Material

        11.3.3. By Product

        11.3.4. By End Use

    11.4. Key Takeaways

12. Eastern Europe Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country

    12.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023

    12.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034

        12.2.1. By Country

            12.2.1.1. Poland

            12.2.1.2. Russia

            12.2.1.3. Czech Republic

            12.2.1.4. Romania

            12.2.1.5. Rest of Eastern Europe

        12.2.2. By Material

        12.2.3. By Product

        12.2.4. By End Use

    12.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis

        12.3.1. By Country

        12.3.2. By Material

        12.3.3. By Product

        12.3.4. By End Use

    12.4. Key Takeaways

13. South Asia and Pacific Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country

    13.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023

    13.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034

        13.2.1. By Country

            13.2.1.1. India

            13.2.1.2. Bangladesh

            13.2.1.3. Australia

            13.2.1.4. New Zealand

            13.2.1.5. Rest of South Asia and Pacific

        13.2.2. By Material

        13.2.3. By Product

        13.2.4. By End Use

    13.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis

        13.3.1. By Country

        13.3.2. By Material

        13.3.3. By Product

        13.3.4. By End Use

    13.4. Key Takeaways

14. East Asia Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country

    14.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023

    14.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034

        14.2.1. By Country

            14.2.1.1. China

            14.2.1.2. Japan

            14.2.1.3. South Korea

        14.2.2. By Material

        14.2.3. By Product

        14.2.4. By End Use

    14.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis

        14.3.1. By Country

        14.3.2. By Material

        14.3.3. By Product

        14.3.4. By End Use

    14.4. Key Takeaways

15. Middle East and Africa Market Analysis 2019 to 2023 and Forecast 2024 to 2034, By Country

    15.1. Historical Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Trend Analysis By Market Taxonomy, 2019 to 2023

    15.2. Market Size Value (US$ Million) & Volume (Units) Forecast By Market Taxonomy, 2024 to 2034

        15.2.1. By Country

            15.2.1.1. GCC Countries

            15.2.1.2. South Africa

            15.2.1.3. Israel

            15.2.1.4. Rest of MEA

        15.2.2. By Material

        15.2.3. By Product

        15.2.4. By End Use

    15.3. Market Attractiveness Analysis

        15.3.1. By Country

        15.3.2. By Material

        15.3.3. By Product

        15.3.4. By End Use

    15.4. Key Takeaways

16. Key Countries Market Analysis

    16.1. USA

        16.1.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.1.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.1.2.1. By Material

            16.1.2.2. By Product

            16.1.2.3. By End Use

    16.2. Canada

        16.2.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.2.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.2.2.1. By Material

            16.2.2.2. By Product

            16.2.2.3. By End Use

    16.3. Brazil

        16.3.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.3.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.3.2.1. By Material

            16.3.2.2. By Product

            16.3.2.3. By End Use

    16.4. Mexico

        16.4.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.4.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.4.2.1. By Material

            16.4.2.2. By Product

            16.4.2.3. By End Use

    16.5. Germany

        16.5.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.5.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.5.2.1. By Material

            16.5.2.2. By Product

            16.5.2.3. By End Use

    16.6. UK

        16.6.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.6.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.6.2.1. By Material

            16.6.2.2. By Product

            16.6.2.3. By End Use

    16.7. France

        16.7.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.7.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.7.2.1. By Material

            16.7.2.2. By Product

            16.7.2.3. By End Use

    16.8. Spain

        16.8.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.8.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.8.2.1. By Material

            16.8.2.2. By Product

            16.8.2.3. By End Use

    16.9. Italy

        16.9.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.9.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.9.2.1. By Material

            16.9.2.2. By Product

            16.9.2.3. By End Use

    16.10. Poland

        16.10.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.10.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.10.2.1. By Material

            16.10.2.2. By Product

            16.10.2.3. By End Use

    16.11. Russia

        16.11.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.11.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.11.2.1. By Material

            16.11.2.2. By Product

            16.11.2.3. By End Use

    16.12. Czech Republic

        16.12.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.12.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.12.2.1. By Material

            16.12.2.2. By Product

            16.12.2.3. By End Use

    16.13. Romania

        16.13.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.13.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.13.2.1. By Material

            16.13.2.2. By Product

            16.13.2.3. By End Use

    16.14. India

        16.14.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.14.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.14.2.1. By Material

            16.14.2.2. By Product

            16.14.2.3. By End Use

    16.15. Bangladesh

        16.15.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.15.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.15.2.1. By Material

            16.15.2.2. By Product

            16.15.2.3. By End Use

    16.16. Australia

        16.16.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.16.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.16.2.1. By Material

            16.16.2.2. By Product

            16.16.2.3. By End Use

    16.17. New Zealand

        16.17.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.17.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.17.2.1. By Material

            16.17.2.2. By Product

            16.17.2.3. By End Use

    16.18. China

        16.18.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.18.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.18.2.1. By Material

            16.18.2.2. By Product

            16.18.2.3. By End Use

    16.19. Japan

        16.19.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.19.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.19.2.1. By Material

            16.19.2.2. By Product

            16.19.2.3. By End Use

    16.20. South Korea

        16.20.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.20.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.20.2.1. By Material

            16.20.2.2. By Product

            16.20.2.3. By End Use

    16.21. GCC Countries

        16.21.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.21.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.21.2.1. By Material

            16.21.2.2. By Product

            16.21.2.3. By End Use

    16.22. South Africa

        16.22.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.22.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.22.2.1. By Material

            16.22.2.2. By Product

            16.22.2.3. By End Use

    16.23. Israel

        16.23.1. Pricing Analysis

        16.23.2. Market Share Analysis, 2023

            16.23.2.1. By Material

            16.23.2.2. By Product

            16.23.2.3. By End Use

17. Market Structure Analysis

    17.1. Competition Dashboard

    17.2. Competition Benchmarking

    17.3. Market Share Analysis of Top Players

        17.3.1. By Regional

        17.3.2. By Material

        17.3.3. By Product

        17.3.4. By End Use

18. Competition Analysis

    18.1. Competition Deep Dive

        18.1.1. Amcor Plc

            18.1.1.1. Overview

            18.1.1.2. Product Portfolio

            18.1.1.3. Profitability by Market Segments

            18.1.1.4. Sales Footprint

            18.1.1.5. Strategy Overview

                18.1.1.5.1. Marketing Strategy

                18.1.1.5.2. Product Strategy

                18.1.1.5.3. Channel Strategy

        18.1.2. Smurfit Kappa Group

            18.1.2.1. Overview

            18.1.2.2. Product Portfolio

            18.1.2.3. Profitability by Market Segments

            18.1.2.4. Sales Footprint

            18.1.2.5. Strategy Overview

                18.1.2.5.1. Marketing Strategy

                18.1.2.5.2. Product Strategy

                18.1.2.5.3. Channel Strategy

        18.1.3. Sonoco Company Ltd.

            18.1.3.1. Overview

            18.1.3.2. Product Portfolio

            18.1.3.3. Profitability by Market Segments

            18.1.3.4. Sales Footprint

            18.1.3.5. Strategy Overview

                18.1.3.5.1. Marketing Strategy

                18.1.3.5.2. Product Strategy

                18.1.3.5.3. Channel Strategy

        18.1.4. Mondi Plc

            18.1.4.1. Overview

            18.1.4.2. Product Portfolio

            18.1.4.3. Profitability by Market Segments

            18.1.4.4. Sales Footprint

            18.1.4.5. Strategy Overview

                18.1.4.5.1. Marketing Strategy

                18.1.4.5.2. Product Strategy

                18.1.4.5.3. Channel Strategy

        18.1.5. Sealed Air

            18.1.5.1. Overview

            18.1.5.2. Product Portfolio

            18.1.5.3. Profitability by Market Segments

            18.1.5.4. Sales Footprint

            18.1.5.5. Strategy Overview

                18.1.5.5.1. Marketing Strategy

                18.1.5.5.2. Product Strategy

                18.1.5.5.3. Channel Strategy

        18.1.6. Huhtamaki Oyj

            18.1.6.1. Overview

            18.1.6.2. Product Portfolio

            18.1.6.3. Profitability by Market Segments

            18.1.6.4. Sales Footprint

            18.1.6.5. Strategy Overview

                18.1.6.5.1. Marketing Strategy

                18.1.6.5.2. Product Strategy

                18.1.6.5.3. Channel Strategy

        18.1.7. Constantia Flexibles

            18.1.7.1. Overview

            18.1.7.2. Product Portfolio

            18.1.7.3. Profitability by Market Segments

            18.1.7.4. Sales Footprint

            18.1.7.5. Strategy Overview

                18.1.7.5.1. Marketing Strategy

                18.1.7.5.2. Product Strategy

                18.1.7.5.3. Channel Strategy

        18.1.8. Coveries

            18.1.8.1. Overview

            18.1.8.2. Product Portfolio

            18.1.8.3. Profitability by Market Segments

            18.1.8.4. Sales Footprint

            18.1.8.5. Strategy Overview

                18.1.8.5.1. Marketing Strategy

                18.1.8.5.2. Product Strategy

                18.1.8.5.3. Channel Strategy

        18.1.9. Clondalkin Group

            18.1.9.1. Overview

            18.1.9.2. Product Portfolio

            18.1.9.3. Profitability by Market Segments

            18.1.9.4. Sales Footprint

            18.1.9.5. Strategy Overview

                18.1.9.5.1. Marketing Strategy

                18.1.9.5.2. Product Strategy

                18.1.9.5.3. Channel Strategy

        18.1.10. Goglio Spa

            18.1.10.1. Overview

            18.1.10.2. Product Portfolio

            18.1.10.3. Profitability by Market Segments

            18.1.10.4. Sales Footprint

            18.1.10.5. Strategy Overview

                18.1.10.5.1. Marketing Strategy

                18.1.10.5.2. Product Strategy

                18.1.10.5.3. Channel Strategy

        18.1.11. Wipf Holding AG

            18.1.11.1. Overview

            18.1.11.2. Product Portfolio

            18.1.11.3. Profitability by Market Segments

            18.1.11.4. Sales Footprint

            18.1.11.5. Strategy Overview

                18.1.11.5.1. Marketing Strategy

                18.1.11.5.2. Product Strategy

                18.1.11.5.3. Channel Strategy

19. Assumptions & Acronyms Used

20. Research Methodology

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List of Tables

Table 1: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region, 2019 to 2034

Table 2: Global Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Region, 2019 to 2034

Table 3: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 4: Global Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 5: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 6: Global Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 7: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 8: Global Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 9: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 10: North America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 11: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 12: North America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 13: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 14: North America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 15: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 16: North America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 17: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 18: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 19: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 20: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 21: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 22: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 23: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 24: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 25: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 26: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 27: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 28: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 29: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 30: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 31: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 32: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 33: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 34: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 35: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 36: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 37: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 38: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 39: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 40: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 41: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 42: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 43: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 44: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 45: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 46: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 47: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 48: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 49: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 50: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 51: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 52: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 53: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 54: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 55: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 56: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 57: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 58: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Country, 2019 to 2034

Table 59: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 60: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Material, 2019 to 2034

Table 61: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 62: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Forecast by Product, 2019 to 2034

Table 63: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Table 64: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Forecast by End Use, 2019 to 2034
Ismail Sutaria

Principal Consultant

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List of Charts

Figure 1: Global Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 2: Global Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 3: Global Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 4: Global Market Value (US$ Million) by Region, 2024 to 2034

Figure 5: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Region, 2019 to 2034

Figure 6: Global Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Region, 2019 to 2034

Figure 7: Global Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Region, 2024 to 2034

Figure 8: Global Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Region, 2024 to 2034

Figure 9: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 10: Global Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 11: Global Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 12: Global Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 13: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 14: Global Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 15: Global Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 16: Global Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 17: Global Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 18: Global Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 19: Global Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 20: Global Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 21: Global Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 22: Global Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 23: Global Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 24: Global Market Attractiveness by Region, 2024 to 2034

Figure 25: North America Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 26: North America Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 27: North America Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 28: North America Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 29: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 30: North America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 31: North America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 32: North America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 33: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 34: North America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 35: North America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 36: North America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 37: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 38: North America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 39: North America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 40: North America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 41: North America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 42: North America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 43: North America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 44: North America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 45: North America Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 46: North America Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 47: North America Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 48: North America Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 49: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 50: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 51: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 52: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 53: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 54: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 55: Latin America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 56: Latin America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 57: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 58: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 59: Latin America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 60: Latin America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 61: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 62: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 63: Latin America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 64: Latin America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 65: Latin America Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 66: Latin America Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 67: Latin America Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 68: Latin America Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 69: Latin America Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 70: Latin America Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 71: Latin America Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 72: Latin America Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 73: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 74: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 75: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 76: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 77: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 78: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 79: Western Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 80: Western Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 81: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 82: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 83: Western Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 84: Western Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 85: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 86: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 87: Western Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 88: Western Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 89: Western Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 90: Western Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 91: Western Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 92: Western Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 93: Western Europe Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 94: Western Europe Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 95: Western Europe Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 96: Western Europe Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 97: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 98: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 99: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 100: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 101: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 102: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 103: Eastern Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 104: Eastern Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 105: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 106: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 107: Eastern Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 108: Eastern Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 109: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 110: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 111: Eastern Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 112: Eastern Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 113: Eastern Europe Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 114: Eastern Europe Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 115: Eastern Europe Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 116: Eastern Europe Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 117: Eastern Europe Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 118: Eastern Europe Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 119: Eastern Europe Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 120: Eastern Europe Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 121: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 122: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 123: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 124: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 125: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 126: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 127: South Asia and Pacific Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 128: South Asia and Pacific Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 129: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 130: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 131: South Asia and Pacific Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 132: South Asia and Pacific Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 133: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 134: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 135: South Asia and Pacific Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 136: South Asia and Pacific Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 137: South Asia and Pacific Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 138: South Asia and Pacific Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 139: South Asia and Pacific Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 140: South Asia and Pacific Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 141: South Asia and Pacific Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 142: South Asia and Pacific Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 143: South Asia and Pacific Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 144: South Asia and Pacific Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 145: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 146: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 147: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 148: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 149: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 150: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 151: East Asia Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 152: East Asia Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 153: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 154: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 155: East Asia Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 156: East Asia Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 157: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 158: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 159: East Asia Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 160: East Asia Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 161: East Asia Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 162: East Asia Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 163: East Asia Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 164: East Asia Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 165: East Asia Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 166: East Asia Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 167: East Asia Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 168: East Asia Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 169: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 170: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 171: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 172: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 173: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 174: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Country, 2019 to 2034

Figure 175: Middle East and Africa Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 176: Middle East and Africa Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Country, 2024 to 2034

Figure 177: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 178: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Material, 2019 to 2034

Figure 179: Middle East and Africa Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 180: Middle East and Africa Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 181: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 182: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Analysis by Product, 2019 to 2034

Figure 183: Middle East and Africa Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 184: Middle East and Africa Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 185: Middle East and Africa Market Value (US$ Million) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 186: Middle East and Africa Market Volume (Units) Analysis by End Use, 2019 to 2034

Figure 187: Middle East and Africa Market Value Share (%) and BPS Analysis by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 188: Middle East and Africa Market Y-o-Y Growth (%) Projections by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 189: Middle East and Africa Market Attractiveness by Material, 2024 to 2034

Figure 190: Middle East and Africa Market Attractiveness by Product, 2024 to 2034

Figure 191: Middle East and Africa Market Attractiveness by End Use, 2024 to 2034

Figure 192: Middle East and Africa Market Attractiveness by Country, 2024 to 2034

As batteries were beginning to be mass-produced, the jar design changed to the cylindrical format. The large F cell for lanterns was introduced in 1896 and the D cell followed in 1898. With the need for smaller cells, the C cell followed in 1900, and the popular AA was introduced in 1907. See BU-301: Standardizing Batteries into Norms.

Cylindrical Cell

The cylindrical cell continues to be one of the most widely used packaging styles for primary and secondary batteries. The advantages are ease of manufacture and good mechanical stability. The tubular cylinder can withstand high internal pressures without deforming.

Many lithium and nickel-based cylindrical cells include a positive thermal coefficient (PTC) switch. When exposed to excessive current, the normally conductive polymer heats up and becomes resistive, stopping current flow and acting as short circuit protection. Once the short is removed, the PTC cools down and returns to the conductive state.

Most cylindrical cells also feature a pressure relief mechanism, and the simplest design utilizes a membrane seal that ruptures under high pressure. Leakage and dry-out may occur after the membrane breaks. Re-sealable vents with a spring-loaded valve are the preferred design. Some consumer Li-ion cells include the Charge Interrupt Device (CID) that physically and irreversibly disconnect the cell when activated to an unsafe pressure builds up. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a cylindrical cell.

Figure 1: Cross section of a lithium-ion cylindrical cell[1]
The cylindrical cell design has good cycling ability, offers a long calendar life and is economical, but is heavy and has low packaging density due to space cavities.

Typical applications for the cylindrical cell are power tools, medical instruments, laptops and e-bikes. To allow variations within a given size, manufacturers use partial cell lengths, such as half and three-quarter formats, and nickel-cadmium provides the largest variety of cell choices. Some spilled over to nickel-metal-hydride, but not to lithium-ion as this chemistry established its own formats. The 18650 illustrated in Figure 2 remains one of the most popular cell packages. Typical applications for the 18650 Li-ion are power tools, medical devices, laptops and e-bikes.

Figure 2: Popular 18650 lithium-ion cell[2]
The metallic cylinder measure 18mm in diameter and 65mm the length. The larger 26650 cell measures 26mm in diameter.

In 2013, 2.55 billion 18650 cells were produced. Early Energy Cells had 2.2Ah; this was replaced with the 2.8Ah cell. The new cells are now 3.1Ah with an increase to 3.4Ah by 2017. Cell manufacturers are preparing for the 3.9Ah 18650.

The 18650 could well be the most optimized cell; it offers one of the lowest costs per Wh and has good reliability records. As consumers move to the flat designs in smart phones and tablets, the demand for the 18650 is fading and Figure 3 shows the over-supply that is being corrected thanks to the demand of the Tesla electric vehicles that also uses this cell format for now. As of end of 2016, the battery industry fears battery shortages to meet the growing demand for electric vehicles.

Figure 3: Demand and supply of the 18650[3]

The demand for the 18650 would have peaked in 2011 had it not been for new demands in military, medical and drones, including the Tesla electric car. The switch to a flat-design in consumer products and larger format for the electric powertrain will eventually saturate the 18650. A new entry is the 21700.

There are other cylindrical Li-ion formats with dimensions of 20700, 21700 and 22700. Meanwhile, Tesla, Panasonic and Samsung have decided on the 21700 for easy of manufacturing, optimal capacity and other benefits. While the 18650 has a volume of approximately 16cm3 (16ml) with a capacity of around 3000mAh, the 21700 cell has approximately 24cm3 (24ml) with a said capacity of up to 6000mAh, essentially doubling the capacity with a 50% increase in volume. Tesla Motor refers to their company’s new 21700 as the “highest energy density cell that is also the cheapest.” (The 2170 nomenclature Tesla advocates is not totally correct; the last zero of the 21700 model describes a cylindrical cell harmonizing with the IEC standard.)

The larger 26650 cell with a diameter of 26mm does not enjoy the same popularity as the 18650. The 26650 is commonly used in load-leveling systems. A thicker cell is said to be harder to build than a thinner one. Making the cell longer is preferred. There is also a 26700 made by E-One Moli Energy.

Some lead acid systems also borrow the cylindrical design. Known as the Hawker Cyclone, this cell offers improved cell stability, higher discharge currents and better temperature stability compared to the conventional prismatic design. The Hawker Cyclone has its own format.

Even though the cylindrical cell does not fully utilize the space by creating air cavities on side-by-side placement, the 18650 has a higher energy density than a prismatic/pouch Li-ion cell. The 3Ah 18650 delivers 248Ah/kg, whereas a modern pouch cell has about 140Ah/kg. The higher energy density of the cylindrical cell compensates for its less ideal stacking abilities and the empty space can always be used for cooling to improve thermal management.

Cell disintegration cannot always be prevented but propagation can. Cylindrical cells are often spaced apart to stop propagation should one cell take off. Spacing also helps in the thermal management. In addition, a cylindrical design does not change size. In comparison, a 5mm prismatic cell can expand to 8mm with use and allowances must be made.

Button Cell

The button cell, also known as coin cell, enabled compact design in portable devices of the 1980s. Higher voltages were achieved by stacking the cells into a tube. Cordless telephones, medical devices and security wands at airports used these batteries.

Although small and inexpensive to build, the stacked button cell fell out of favor and gave way to more conventional battery formats. A drawback of the button cell is swelling if charged too rapidly. Button cells have no safety vent and can only be charged at a 10- to 16-hour charge; however, newer designs claim rapid charge capability.

Most button cells in use today are non-rechargeable and are found in medical implants, watches, hearing aids, car keys and memory backup. Figure 4 illustrates the button cells with a cross section.

CAUTION

Keep button cells to out of reach of children. Swallowing a cell can cause serious health problems. See BU-703 Health Concerns with Batteries.

Figure 4: Button cells provides small size, most are primary for single-cell use[4]

Prismatic Cell

Introduced in the early 1990s, the modern prismatic cell satisfies the demand for thinner sizes. Wrapped in elegant packages resembling a box of chewing gum or a small chocolate bar, prismatic cells make optimal use of space by using the layered approach. Other designs are wound and flattened into a pseudo-prismatic jelly roll. These cells are predominantly found in mobile phones, tablets and low-profile laptops ranging from 800mAh to 4,000mAh. No universal format exists and each manufacturer designs its own.

Prismatic cells are also available in large formats. Packaged in welded aluminum housings, the cells deliver capacities of 20–50Ah and are primarily used for electric powertrains in hybrid and electric vehicles. Figure 5 shows the prismatic cell.

Figure 5: Cross section of a prismatic cell[5]

The prismatic cell improves space utilization and allows flexible design but it can be more expensive to manufacture, less efficient in thermal management and have a shorter cycle life than the cylindrical design. Allow for some swelling.

The prismatic cell requires a firm enclosure to achieve compression. Some swelling due to gas buildup is normal, and growth allowance must be made; a 5mm (0.2”) cell can grow to 8mm (0.3”) after 500 cycles. Discontinue using the battery if the distortion presses against the battery compartment. Bulging batteries can damage equipment and compromise safety.

Pouch Cell

In 1995, the pouch cell surprised the battery world with a radical new design. Rather than using a metallic cylinder and glass-to-metal electrical feed-through, conductive foil-tabs were welded to the electrodes and brought to the outside in a fully sealed way. Figure 6 illustrates a pouch cell.

Figure 6: The pouch cell[6]

The pouch cell offers a simple, flexible and lightweight solution to battery design. Some stack pressure is recommended but allowance for swelling must be made. The pouch cells can deliver high load currents but it performs best under light loading conditions and with moderate charging.

The pouch cell makes most efficient use of space and achieves 90–95 percent packaging efficiency, the highest among battery packs. Eliminating the metal enclosure reduces weight, but the cell needs support and allowance to expand in the battery compartment. The pouch packs are used in consumer, military and automotive applications. No standardized pouch cells exist; each manufacturer designs its own.

Pouch packs are commonly Li-polymer. Small cells are popular for portable applications requiring high load currents, such as drones and hobby gadgets. The larger cells in the 40Ah range serve in energy storage systems (ESS) because fewer cells simplify the battery design.

Although easily stackable, provision must be made for swelling. While smaller pouch packs can grow 8–10 percent over 500 cycles, large cells may expand to that size in 5,000 cycles. It is best not to stack pouch cells on top of each other but to lay them flat, side by side or allow extra space in between them. Avoid sharp edges that can stress the pouch cells as they expand.

Extreme swelling is a concern. Users of pouch packs have reported up to 3 percent swelling incidents on a poor batch run. The pressure created can crack the battery cover, and in some cases, break the display and electronic circuit boards. Discontinue using an inflated battery and do not puncture the bloating cell in close proximity to heat or fire. The escaping gases can ignite. Figure 7 shows a swollen pouch cell.

Figure 7: Swollen pouch cell[2]

Swelling can occur due to gassing. Improvements are being made with newer designs. Large pouch cells designs experience less swelling. The gases contain mainly CO2 (carbon dioxide) and CO (carbon monoxide).

Pouch cells are manufactured by adding a temporary “gasbag” on the side. Gases escape into the gasbag while forming the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) during the first charge. The gasbag is cut off and the pack is resealed as part of the finishing process. Forming a solid SEI is key to good formatting practices. Subsequent charges should produce minimal gases, however, gas generation, also known as gassing, cannot be fully avoided. It is caused by electrolyte decomposition as part of usage and aging. Stresses, such as overcharging and overheating promote gassing. Ballooning with normal use often hints to a flawed batch.

The technology has matured and prismatic and pouch cells have the potential for greater capacity than the cylindrical format. Large flat packs serve electric powertrains and Energy Storage System (ESS) with good results. The cost per kWh in the prismatic/pouch cell is still higher than with the 18650 cell but this is changing. Figure 8 compares the price of the cylindrical, prismatic and pouch cells, also known as laminated. Flat-cell designs are getting price competitive and battery experts predict a shift towards these cell formats, especially if the same performance criteria of the cylindrical cell can be met.

Figure 8: Price of Li-ion ($US/Wh)[3]

Historically, manufacturing costs of prismatic and pouch formats (laminate) were higher, but they are converging with cellular design. Pricing involves the manufacturing of the bare cells only.

Asian cell manufacturers anticipate cost reductions of the four most common Li-ion cells, which are the 18650, 21700, prismatic and pouch cells. The 21700 promises the largest cost decrease over the years and economical production, reaching price equilibrium with the pouch by 2025 (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Price comparison of Li-ion cell types[7]

Automation enables price equilibrium of the 21700 with the pouch cell in 2025. This does not include packaging where the prismatic and pouch cells have a cost advantages.

Fraunhofer predicts the fastest growth with the 21700 and the pouch cell while the popular 18650 will hold its own. Costs per kWh do not include BMS and packaging. The type cell chosen varies packaging costs as prismatic can easily be stacked; pouch cells may require some compression and cylindrical cells need support systems that create voids. Large packs for electric vehicle also include climate control that adds to cost.

Summary

With the pouch cell, the manufacturer is attempting to simplify cell manufacturing by replicating the packaging of food. Each format has pros and cons as summarized below.

  • Cylindrical cell has high specific energy, good mechanical stability and lends itself to automated manufacturing. Cell design allows added safety features that are not possible with other formats (see BU-304b: Making Lithium-ion Safe); it cycles well, offers a long calendar life and is low cost, but it has less than ideal packaging density. The cylindrical cell is commonly used for portable applications.
  • Prismatic cell are encased in aluminum or steel for stability. Jelly-rolled or stacked, the cell is space-efficient but can be costlier to manufacture than the cylindrical cell. Modern prismatic cells are used in the electric powertrain and energy storage systems.
  • Pouch cell uses laminated architecture in a bag. It is light and cost-effective but exposure to humidity and high temperature can shorten life. Adding a light stack pressure prolongs longevity by preventing delamination. Swelling of 8–10 percent over 500 cycles must be considered with some cell designs. Large cells work best with light loading and moderate charge times. The pouch cell is growing in popularity and serves similar applications to the prismatic cell.

References

[1] Source: Sanyo
[2] Source: Cadex Electronics
[3] Source: Avicenne Energy
[4] Source: Sanyo and Panasonic
[5] Source: Polystor Energy Corporation
[6] Source: A123
[7] Source: Battery Experts Forum

What Are the Advantages of pouch sizes?

BU-301a: Types of Battery Cells

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